scholarly journals England and Wales are among European countries at highest risk of measles epidemic

BMJ ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 336 (7635) ◽  
pp. 66.2-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Dobson
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
England And Wales

Victims of assault: a Europe-wide review of procedures for evaluating the seriousness of injuries

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Gignon ◽  
S Paupière ◽  
O Jardé ◽  
C Manaouil
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Medical Examination ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Medical Certificate ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Judicial Proceedings

In France, victims of assault receive a medical certificate describing their injuries. This certificate must fulfil certain criteria because it plays a major role in the subsequent judicial proceedings – notably the establishment of a period of ‘total incapacity for work’, which determines the court in which the case will be heard. Determination of the duration of this period of incapacity is complex. We decided to review medical examination procedures for victims of assault in a number of other European countries (England and Wales, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Spain). Our study revealed that only in France do physicians have to make a quantitative assessment of injuries, which is supposed to reflect the extent of the injuries and the intensity of the violence – despite the difficulties this may pose. We discuss the relevance of this quantitative assessment.

scholarly journals Population perspective comparing COVID-19 to all and common causes of death in seven European countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bayanne Olabi ◽  
Jayshree Bagaria ◽  
Sunil Bhopal ◽  
Gwenetta Curry ◽  
Nazmy Villarroel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Mortality statistics on the COVID-19 pandemic have led to widespread concern and fear. To contextualise these data, we compared mortality related to COVID-19 with all and common causes of death, stratifying by age and sex. We also calculated deaths as a proportion of the population by age and sex. Methods: COVID-19 related mortality and population statistics from seven European countries were extracted: England and Wales, Italy, Germany, Spain, France, Portugal and Netherlands. Available data spanned 14-16 weeks since the first recorded deaths in each country, except Spain, where only comparable stratified data over an 8-week time period was available. The Global Burden of Disease database provided data on all deaths and those from pneumonia, cardiovascular disease combining ischaemic heart disease and stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, road traffic accidents and dementia. Findings: Deaths related to COVID-19, while modest overall, varied considerably by age. Deaths as a percentage of all cause deaths during the time period under study ranged from <0.01% in children in Germany, Portugal and Netherlands, to as high as 41.65% for men aged over 80 years in England and Wales. The percentage of the population who died from COVID-19 was less than 0.2% in every age group under the age of 80. In each country, over the age of 80, these proportions were: England and Wales 1.27% males, 0.87% females; Italy 0.6% males, 0.38% females; Germany 0.13% males, 0.09% females; France 0.39% males, 0.2% females; Portugal 0.2% males, 0.15% females; and Netherlands 0.6% males, 0.4% females. Interpretation: Mortality rates from COVID-19 remains low including when compared to other common causes of death and will likely decline further while control measures are maintained. These data may help people contextualise their risk and policy makers in decision-making.

scholarly journals Does segregation reduce socio-spatial mobility? Evidence from four European countries with different inequality and segregation contexts

Urban Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaap Nieuwenhuis ◽  
Tiit Tammaru ◽  
Maarten van Ham ◽  
Lina Hedman ◽  
David Manley
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Spatial Mobility ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Deprived Neighbourhoods ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
The Uk

The neighbourhood in which people live reflects their social class and preferences, so studying socio-spatial mobility between neighbourhood types gives insight into the openness of spatial class structures of societies and into the ability of people to leave disadvantaged neighbourhoods. In this paper we study the extent to which people move between different types of neighbourhoods by socio-economic status in different inequality and segregation contexts in four European countries: Sweden, the Netherlands, the UK (England and Wales), and Estonia. The study is based on population registers and census data for the 2001–2011 period. For England and Wales, which has long had high levels of income inequalities and high levels of socio-economic segregation, we find that levels of mobility between neighbourhood types are low and opportunities to move to more socio-economically advantaged neighbourhoods are modest. In Estonia, which used to be one of the most equal and least segregated countries in Europe, and now is one of the most unequal countries, we find high levels of mobility, but these reproduce segregation patterns and it is difficult to move to less deprived neighbourhoods for those in the most deprived neighbourhoods. In the Netherlands and Sweden, where income inequalities are the smallest, it is the easiest to move from the most deprived to less deprived neighbourhoods. The conclusion is that the combination of high levels of income inequalities and high levels of spatial segregation tend to lead to a vicious circle of segregation for low-income groups, where it is difficult to undertake upward socio-spatial mobility.

When Did the Use of Psychotropic Drugs Start to Escalate?

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Hemminki ◽  
Irja Davidkin
Keyword(s):  
Psychotropic Drug ◽  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
European Countries ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Published Data ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Consumption Level ◽  
The 1950S

The introduction of new drugs is often characterized as an important cause of increased use of psychotropic drugs. Major new drugs were introduced in the 1950s. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the introduction of these new drugs affected consumption levels in several European countries in the 1950s. New data were collected and analysed from two pharmacies in Finland and previously published data from Denmark, England, Wales, and Sweden were reanalysed. The trends as well as the level of the psychotropic drug consumption varied greatly between these countries. In Finland and Sweden consumption increased greatly. No trend information was available in Denmark; the consumption level, however, was apparently much higher than in Finland or Sweden. In England and WAles consumption was steady. The data from Finland showed that increased consumption was due to the use of traditional sedatives rather than to the new drugs. Our results suggest that the increase in the consumption of psychotropic drugs in the 1950s was not due to the introduction of new drugs as such.

scholarly journals National policies for preventing antimicrobial resistance - the situation in 17 European countries in late 2000

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Therre
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
European Countries ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
National System ◽  
Education Campaigns ◽  
Set Up

A survey carried out within Member States of the European Union and Norway shows that in all but two countries national surveillance of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics existed in December 2000. In Italy, Ireland and Scotland, the systems were set up very recently (respectively in 1998, 1999 and 1999). Moreover, excepting of Ireland and Scotland, all countries have a national system for data collection on the consumption of antibiotics, namely since 2000 in Austria, Italy and Luxembourg. Several of these systems were set up after 1998 when the recommendations of the European conference ‘The Microbial Threat’ held in Copenhague were published. In addition, a certain number of other measures have been undertaken since then: education campaigns to the population in England and Wales, in Ireland or in France, creation of committees specifically in charge of consumption surveillance in Italy or of the prevention of resistance in Belgium or in Ireland, publications of recommendations on the good use of antibiotics in Austria and in Finland, etc.

scholarly journals The Geographical Distribution of Goitre in School Children (England and Wales)

1927 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. H. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
School Children ◽  
Military Service ◽  
European Countries ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Exophthalmic Goiter ◽  
The World

In most European countries the geographical distribution of simple goiter is known from the number of men who are rejected on this account for military service(1,2). There are no similar figures for Britain but what is known about its probable incidence has been discussed by Hirsch(2) and by Berry(3) and in a more recent paper, where it was also shown that there was a geographical distribution of the deaths from “exophthalmic goiter” as recorded in the Registrar General's reports(5). There were still many gaps in our knowledge, especially as regards simple goiter, but there appeared to be some tendency for deaths from “exophthalmic goiter” to be more frequent in areas where goiter was endemic, thought this was contrary to the evidence of most parts of the world where goiter was seriously endemic.

scholarly journals Recent increases in incidence of echoviruses 13 and 30 around Europe

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Noah ◽  
F Reid
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Small Study ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Echovirus 30 ◽  
The United Kingdom

A report in Eurosurveillance Weekly in September 2001 discussed the concurrent increases in the incidence of echovirus 30 in Germany and the United Kingdom in 2001 (1). Outbreaks of echovirus 13 infection had also occurred in both England and Wales, and Germany, in 2000. Other European countries informed the Eurosurveillance team that they had experienced similar outbreaks, and it was decided to conduct a small study through Eurosurveillance of echovirus incidence in European and other countries.

scholarly journals Housing Spaces in Nine European Countries: A Comparison of Dimensional Requirements

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4278
Author(s):  
Letizia Appolloni ◽  
Daniela D’Alessandro
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
European Countries ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Room Size ◽  
Single Room ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Housing Standards

Modern housing units must meet new needs and requirements; housing dimensions and functional characteristics are relevant issues, mainly considering population ageing and disability. The housing standards of nine European countries were compared to analyze their ability to satisfy new population need, in terms of size. The regulations were downloaded from the websites of the official channels of each country. A wide variability in room size was observed (e.g., single room: from 9 m2 in Italy to 7 m2 in France, to the absence of any limit in England and Wales, Germany-Hesse, and Denmark). Italian and French legislations define housing dimension considering the room destination and the number of people. The Swedish regulation provides performance requirements and functional indications but does not specify the minimum dimensions of habitable rooms. The rooms’ minimum heights vary between 2.70 m in Italy and Portugal and 2.60 m in the Netherlands, but no limits are established in England and Wales. A diverse approach among European countries regulations is observed: from a market-oriented logic one (e.g., England and Wales) in which room minimum dimensions are not defined to a prescriptive one (Italy) and one that is functionality-oriented (the Netherlands). However, considering the health, social, environmental, and economic trends, many of these standards should be revised.

Averting robo-bees: why free-flying robotic bees are a bad idea

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-729
Author(s):  
Roslyn Gleadow ◽  
Jim Hanan ◽  
Alan Dorin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Food Security ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Native Habitat ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Insect Interactions

Food security and the sustainability of native ecosystems depends on plant-insect interactions in countless ways. Recently reported rapid and immense declines in insect numbers due to climate change, the use of pesticides and herbicides, the introduction of agricultural monocultures, and the destruction of insect native habitat, are all potential contributors to this grave situation. Some researchers are working towards a future where natural insect pollinators might be replaced with free-flying robotic bees, an ecologically problematic proposal. We argue instead that creating environments that are friendly to bees and exploring the use of other species for pollination and bio-control, particularly in non-European countries, are more ecologically sound approaches. The computer simulation of insect-plant interactions is a far more measured application of technology that may assist in managing, or averting, ‘Insect Armageddon' from both practical and ethical viewpoints.

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