scholarly journals Human factors challenges for the safe use of artificial intelligence in patient care

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. e100081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Sujan ◽  
Dominic Furniss ◽  
Kath Grundy ◽  
Howard Grundy ◽  
David Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Independent Evaluation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Factors Research

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in patient care can offer significant benefits. However, there is a lack of independent evaluation considering AI in use. The paper argues that consideration should be given to how AI will be incorporated into clinical processes and services. Human factors challenges that are likely to arise at this level include cognitive aspects (automation bias and human performance), handover and communication between clinicians and AI systems, situation awareness and the impact on the interaction with patients. Human factors research should accompany the development of AI from the outset.

Human Factors Research at the OECD Halden Reactor Project into the 21st Century

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 803-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conny O. Holmstroem ◽  
Mark Green
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Control Room ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Operating Personnel ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Factors Research

The OECD Halden Reactor Project is a joint undertaking of national nuclear organisations from 20 countries, who together sponsor a research programme under the auspices of the OECD - Nuclear Energy Agency. One of the Projects important research areas addresses human factors in control room design and operation. The simulator-based Halden Man-Machine Laboratory (HAMMLAB) has, since its establishment in 1983, been the main facility for conducting research in this area. It's objective is to provide knowledge for improving today's control rooms, through the introduction and evaluation of computer-based solutions for effective and safe control of the plant, across all process conditions. The laboratory facility will be introduced and the recent major upgrades, involving moving from one nuclear simulator to three full-scale simulators, plus an oil production platform simulator described. The aim of the human factors research programme itself is to provide knowledge about the capabilities and limitations of the human operators within a control room environment. Understanding the impact of new technology on operating personnel is crucial in decision-making concerning safety and efficiency for nuclear power plants. The Halden Project's new three year research programme in this area includes many aspects of human performance. The main elements of this programme will be briefly described in order to provide an overview of the breadth of the research topics currently of interest to the Projects 100 participating nuclear organisations.

How Signs, Markings, and Hazards Impact Motorist Assessment of Cyclist Lane Placement

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1948-1949
Author(s):  
Mary L. Still ◽  
Jeremiah D. Still
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Lane Position ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Factors Research ◽  
And Training

Human factors research has led to safer interactions between motorists through redesigned signage, roadway designs, and training. Similar efforts are needed to understand and improve interactions between cyclists and motorists. One challenge to safe motorist-cyclist interactions are expectations about where cyclists should be on the road. In this study, we utilize more directive signage and additional lane markings to clarify where cyclists should ride in the travel lane. The impact of these signifiers was examined by having motorists indicate where cyclists should ride in the lane, how difficult it was to determine the correct lane position, and how safe they would feel if they were in that lane position. Results indicate that more directive signage – “bicycles take the lane”-and painted hazard signifiers can change motorists’ expectations, so they are more aligned with safer cyclist positioning in the lane.

Level of Automation Forms a Key Aspect of Autonomy Design

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mica R. Endsley
Keyword(s):  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Level Of Automation ◽  
Out Of The Loop ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

The concept of different levels of automation (LOAs) has been pervasive in the automation literature since its introduction by Sheridan and Verplanck. LOA taxonomies have been very useful in guiding understanding of how automation affects human cognition and performance, with several practical and theoretical benefits. Over the past several decades a wide body of research has been conducted on the impact of various LOAs on human performance, workload, and situation awareness (SA). LOA has a significant effect on operator SA and level of engagement that helps to ameliorate out-of-the-loop performance problems. Together with other aspects of system design, including adaptive automation, granularity of control, and automation interface design, LOA is a fundamental design characteristic that determines the ability of operators to provide effective oversight and interaction with system autonomy. LOA research provides a solid foundation for guiding the creation of effective human–automation interaction, which is critical for the wide range of autonomous and semiautonomous systems currently being developed across many industries.

Me and My VE, Part 5: Applications in Human Factors Research and Practice

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 2051-2055
Author(s):  
Randall Spain ◽  
Benjamin Goldberg ◽  
Jeffrey Hansberger ◽  
Tami Griffith ◽  
Jeremy Flynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Research Training ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Human Factors Research

Recent advances in technology have made virtual environments, virtual reality, augmented reality, and simulations more affordable and accessible to researchers, companies, and the general public, which has led to many novel use cases and applications. A key objective of human factors research and practice is determining how these technology-rich applications can be designed and applied to improve human performance across a variety of contexts. This session will demonstrate some of the distinct and diverse uses of virtual environments and mixed reality environments in an alternative format. The session will begin with each demonstrator providing a brief overview of their virtual environment (VE) and a description of how it has been used to address a particular problem or research need. Following the description portion of the session, each VE will be set-up at a demonstration station in the room, and session attendees will be encouraged to directly interact with the virtual environment and ask demonstrators questions about their research and inquire about the effectiveness of using VE for research, training, and evaluation purposes. The overall objective of this alternative session is to increase the awareness of how human factors professionals use VE technologies and increase the awareness of the capabilities and limitations of VE in supporting the work of HF professionals.

Human Aspects of Industrial Machine Actuators: Review and Reappraisal

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 704-708
Author(s):  
Woodrow Barfield ◽  
Gavriel Salvendy ◽  
Sheue-Ling Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Part ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Human Aspects ◽  
Actuator Control ◽  
Industrial Machine ◽  
Human Factors Research

This paper deals with those areas of human factors research which relate to industrial machine actuator devices. Power press actuators are emphasized for example purposes, but the material could be generalizable to other industrial machines. The actuator control is shown to be a critical part of the industrial man-machine system. If the designed actuator device does not adequately match human performance capabilities with machine performance capabilities for the system in use, then safety problems can ensue including injury, liability for injury, or damage to equipment. The introduction of new technology to the design of actuator devices is delineated and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Development of a Human Factors Research Laboratory for Off-Road Vehicle Operator Workstation Design

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 896-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Duncan ◽  
E. L. Wegscheid
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Road Vehicle ◽  
Motion Simulator ◽  
Vehicle Motion ◽  
Simulator Motion ◽  
Human Factors Research

A new human factors research laboratory has been developed to provide reliable human-performance data for the design of improved off-road vehicle operator workstations. The principal research tool within this laboratory is a vehicle operations simulator. The simulator consists of a hydraulically driven platform upon which a vehicle operator's enclosure or workstation can be mounted. Under computer control, the simulator is capable of motion with six degrees-of-freedom. With this capability, the simulator's motion can be programmed to reproduce operator workstation vibration experienced in operational field environments. Both field recorded data and mathematical simulations of existing and proposed vehicles can be used to command the simulator motion. In addition to simulating vehicle motion, the simulator is capable of producing realistic control and monitoring tasks for the operator, as well as operator enclosure environmental conditions. This paper describes the research objectives for which the simulator was built, the specifications used in the design of the vehicle motion simulator system, the hardware selected in implementing that design, and the computer control used to simulate both field and artificial “ride” histories.

Trends in Human Factors Research for Military Information Systems

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Sylvia R. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Software Design ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Human Factors Research

Military information systems are surveyed in an historical context starting with the SAGE system of the 1950's and projecting to the anticipated supersystems of the 1970's. Human functions in development, operation, and use of these systems are considered from a human factors point of view. This evolutionary overview shows how hardware and software design impact on human performance and how this impact has focused and expanded research in the computer sciences and in the behavioral sciences. The evolving human functions in military information systems are described. These descriptions serve as a basis for defining and researching critical human factors opportunities and problems. Paralleling this analysis is a review of several past, current, and future trends in human factors research for future military information systems.

scholarly journals The Effect of Head Inclination on Intraocular Pressure in the Prone Position

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Marzilli
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Staff Satisfaction ◽  
Patient Handoff ◽  
The Impact

Patient safety relies on effective and efficient communication among healthcare providers. Tools, such as standardized checklists, ensure information sharing in a consistent, predictable format. In the perioperative setting, where handoffs occur at several points and among various disciplines, high reliability is essential. This systematic review focused on the impact of standardized communication practices on perioperative staff satisfaction as it relates to sustainability of the new practice. The electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar were used. Six articles met inclusion for the systematic review and of these six, four were determined to be of high quality through the application of The CASE Worksheet. The handoff tools implemented in these four studies were the electronic anesthesia information management system (AIMS), I-PASS mnemonic that described the illness, patient summary, action list, situation awareness and synthesis by receiver, Peri-op Handoff Protocol and a variation of the ‘Surgical Safety Checklist’ originally developed by WHO. Results of this systematic review suggest that these standardized communication methods are effective in improving perioperative staff satisfaction. Further research may prove helpful to determine if one handoff tool design is superior to the others. While future research could be performed to provide a larger sample size, the limited data gathered from this systematic review shows promising results. Implementing a standardized approach to perioperative communication and patient handoff has been shown in these studies to be beneficial in terms of staff satisfaction. Furthermore, it would be valuable to examine the indirect impact these communication tools have on patient care. Healthcare providers have the responsibility and opportunity to improve patient care through the adoption of standardized communication processes.

scholarly journals Development of Operational Concepts for Advanced SMRs: The Role of Cognitive Systems Engineering

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques V. Hugo ◽  
David I. Gertman
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Cognitive Systems Engineering ◽  
The Impact

Advanced small modular reactors (AdvSMRs) will use advanced digital instrumentation and control systems, and make greater use of automation. These advances not only pose technical and operational challenges, but will inevitably have an effect on the operating and maintenance cost of new plants. However, there is much uncertainty about the impact of AdvSMR designs on operational and human factors considerations, such as workload, situation awareness, human reliability, staffing levels, and the appropriate allocation of functions between the crew and various automated plant systems. Existing human factors and systems engineering design standards and methodologies are not current in terms of human interaction requirements for dynamic automated systems and are no longer suitable for the analysis of evolving operational concepts. New models and guidance for operational concepts for complex socio-technical systems need to adopt a state-of-the-art approach such as Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) that gives due consideration to the role of personnel. The approach described here helps to identify and evaluate human challenges related to non-traditional operational concepts. A framework for defining operational strategies was developed based on an analysis of the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II), a small (20MWe) sodium-cooled reactor that was successfully operated for thirty years. Insights from the application of the systematic application of the methodology and its utility are reviewed and arguments for the formal adoption of CSE as a value-added part of the Systems Engineering process are presented.

Sociopolitical Impact on Human Factors

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Physiological Research ◽  
Human Factors Research ◽  
Regulatory Actions ◽  
Sociopolitical Impact

This paper presents a summary of the impact of recent activities of governmental agencies and trade unions in Europe on Human Factors. In particular, the impact of these actions in the area of research characteristics of computer displays and vision is discussed. A detailed description is given of these actions and how cultural differences and values can influence Human Factors research. Incorporated is a historical analysis of how previous research in this field contributed to concern among these agencies and display users, the evolution of this to regulatory actions, and how methodology in the area of visual and physiological research has changed as a result. In summary, the paper gives an example of how sociopolitical pressures can impact Human Factors.

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