scholarly journals Degenerative cervical spine changes among early career fighter pilots: a 5-year follow-up

2021 ◽  
pp. e001848
Author(s):  
Tuomas Keskimölö ◽  
J Pernu ◽  
J Karppinen ◽  
J Niinimäki ◽  
P Oura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Volunteer Study ◽  
Disc Herniations ◽  
Ivd Degeneration

IntroductionDegenerative changes of the cervical spine often cause disability and flight duty limitations among Finnish Air Force (FINAF) fighter pilots. We aimed to study the effect of +Gz exposure on degenerative changes in the cervical spine by comparing cervical MRIs of FINAF fighter pilots and controls.MethodsAt baseline, the volunteer study population consisted of 56 20-year-old FINAF male fighter pilots (exposure group) and 56 21-year-old Army and Navy cadets (control group). Both groups underwent MRI of the cervical spine at the baseline and after 5 years. Degenerative changes evaluated using MRI included intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (Pfirrmann classification), disc herniations, uncovertebral arthrosis, Schmorl’s nodes, Modic changes, spinal canal stenosis, kyphosis and scoliosis.ResultsThe degree of IVD degeneration in the whole cervical spine increased significantly in both populations with no between-group differences. The prevalence of disc herniations also tended to increase in both populations with no difference in the incidence over the follow-up. However, pilots proved to have more disc herniations at the baseline and at the follow-up. There were virtually no between-group differences in other assessed degenerative changes.DiscussionWe found that IVD degeneration and the prevalence of disc herniations increased at a similar rate for fighter pilots and non-flying military students when all cervical levels were summed up. The lack of difference may be explained by the relatively low cumulative +Gz exposure during the first 5 years of a pilots’ career.

scholarly journals OP0159 EFFICACY OF COMPREHENSIVE TECHNOLOGY-ASSISTED HOME-BASED EXERCISE IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS: A RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 100.3-100
Author(s):  
Y. Wang ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
Y. Shi ◽  
X. Ji ◽  
W. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Home Based ◽  
The Mean

Background:Clinical practice guidelines recommend that exercise is an essential component in the self-management of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS). Attending supervised interventions requiring periodic medical center visits can be burdensome and patients may decline participation, whereas, effective home-based exercise interventions that do not need regular medical center visits are likely to be more accessible and acceptable for patients with AS. Recently, increasing evidences have been accumulated that the wearable devices could facilitate patients with inflammatory arthritis by giving exercise instructions and improving self-efficacy. Therefore, patients with AS may benefit from an effective technology-assisted home-based exercise intervention.Objectives:To investigate the efficacy of a comprehensive technology-assisted home-based exercise intervention on disease activity in patients with AS.Methods:This study was a 16-week assessor-blinded, randomized, waiting-list controlled trial (ChiCTR1900024244). Patients with AS were randomly allocated to the home-based exercise intervention group and the waiting-list control group. A 16-week comprehensive exercise program consisting of a moderate intensity (64%-76% HRmax) aerobic training for 30min on 5 days/week and a functional training for 60min on 3 days/week was given to patients in the intervention group immediately after randomization, with 1.5h training sessions for two consecutive days by a study physical therapist at baseline and Week 8. The aerobic exercise intensity was controlled by a Mio FUSE Wristband with a smartphone application. The functional training consisted of the posture training, range of motion exercises, strength training, stability training and stretching exercises. Patients in control group received standard care during the 16-week follow-up and started to receive the exercise program at Week 16. The primary outcome was ASDAS at Week 16. The secondary outcomes were BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, ASAS HI, peak oxygen uptake, body composition and muscle endurance tests. The mean difference between groups in change from baseline was analyzed with the analysis of covariance.Results:A total of 54 patients with AS were enrolled (26 in intervention group and 28 in control group) and 46 (85.2%) patients completed the 16-week follow-up. The mean difference of ASDAS between groups in change from baseline to 16-week follow-up was −0.2 (95% CI, −0.4 to 0.003, P = 0.032), and the mean change from baseline was -0.4 (95% CI, -0.5 to -0.2) in the intervention group vs -0.1 (95% CI, -0.3 to 0.01) in the control group, respectively. Significant between-group differences were found between groups for BASDAI (−0.5 [95% CI, −0.9 to −0.2], P = 0.004), BASMI (−0.7 [95% CI, −1.1 to −0.4], P <0.001), BASFI (−0.3 [95% CI, −0.6 to 0.01], P=0.035), peak oxygen uptake (2.7 [95% CI, 0.02 to 5.3] ml/kg/min, P=0.048) and extensor endurance test (17.8 [95% CI, 0.5 to 35.2]s, P=0.044) at Week 16. Between-group differences were detected in ASAS HI (−0.9 [95% CI, −1.7 to −0.1], P=0.030), body fat percentage (−1.0 [95% CI, −2.0 to −0.01] %, P=0.048) and visceral adipose tissue (−4.9 [95% CI, −8.5 to −1.4] cm2, P=0.008) at Week 8, but not at Week 16. No significant between-group differences were detected in the total lean mass, time up and go test and the flexor endurance test during the follow-up.Conclusion:Comprehensive technology-assisted home-based exercise has been shown to have beneficial effects on disease activity, physical function, spinal mobility, aerobic capacity, and body composition as well as in improving fatigue and morning stiffness of patients with AS.References:[1]van der Heijde D, Ramiro S, Landewé R, et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76:978–991.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals The effect of diabetes mellitus on evolution and outcome of tuberculosis in a prospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Alina Malic ◽  
◽  
Evelina Lesnic ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
The Impact

Background: In the Republic of Moldova almost 5% of the cases with tuberculosis are diagnosed annually among diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of diabetes mellitus on the evolution and anti-tuberculosis treatment effectiveness in a prospective study. Material and methods: A prospective, longitudinal and case-control study, which included a total number of 252 patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and distributed in a study group, consisting of 93 patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and a control group, consisting of 159 patients without glycemic disorders, was performed. Results: This study identified that one half of the group with diabetes was detected by active screening and one third received anti-tuberculous treatment before actual episode. A similar rate of diabetic and non-diabetic patients was microbiologically positive, as well confirmed with drug-resistance. The anti-tuberculous treatment effectiveness was lower in diabetic patients, the death rate and the low treatment outcome (lost to follow-up and failed) were higher than in non-diabetic patients. The main causes of unfavorable evolution were: glycemic disorders (hyperglycemia), diabetes complications and the history of the anti-tuberculous treatment in the anamnesis. Conclusions: The individualized approach and a tight follow-up should be performed regularly in all patients with glycemic disorders and tuberculosis for the improvement of the disease outcome.

scholarly journals Efficacy and sustainability of dialectical behaviour therapy for inpatient adolescents: a follow-up study

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. e100452
Author(s):  
Alison Ann Tebbett-Mock ◽  
Madeline McGee ◽  
Ema Saito
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Constant Observation ◽  
Group 1

BackgroundDialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment for adolescents targeting suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviours. Research supports DBT’s efficacy in inpatient settings, but implementation and sustainability are understudied.AimsThis study is a follow-up of a previous study by Tebbett-Mock et al and examines the efficacy and sustainability of an adolescent DBT inpatient unit within a psychiatric hospital in the Northeast. We hypothesised that adolescents who received DBT in our follow-up group (DBT Group 2) would not have statistical difference (ie, greater or fewer) of the following compared with the first group of patients who received DBT on the unit the year prior (DBT Group 1) and would have significantly fewer of the following compared with the treatment as usual (TAU) group: (1) constant observation hours for suicidal ideation, self-injury and aggression; (2) incidents of suicide attempts, self-injury and aggression; (3) restraints; (4) seclusions; (5) days hospitalised; (6) times readmitted to the unit within 30 days of discharge.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review for adolescents receiving inpatient DBT (DBT Group 1, n=425; DBT Group 2, n=393) and a historical control group (TAU, n=376). The χ2 tests and one-way analysis of variance were conducted as preliminary analyses to examine group differences on diagnosis, gender and age. Kruskal-Wallis H tests were conducted to examine group differences on outcomes. Mann-Whitney U tests were used as post hoc analyses.ResultsPatients in DBT Group 2 were comparable to DBT Group 1 for the number of constant observation hours for self-injury (U=83 432.50, p=0.901), restraints (U=82 109, p=0.171) and days hospitalised (U=83 438.5, p=0.956). Patients in DBT Group 2 had a significantly greater number of incidents of suicide attempts compared with DBT Group 1 (U=82 662.5, p=0.037) and of self-injury compared with patients in DBT Group 1 (U=71724.5, p<0.001) and TAU (U=65649.0, p<0.001).ConclusionsResults provide support for adolescent inpatient DBT compared with TAU and highlight staff turnover and lack of training as potential barriers to sustainability and efficacy.

scholarly journals A Tailored Habits-based Dietary Intervention Combined With Oral Rehabilitation on Partially Dentate Older Adults: Nutritional Impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh-Ann McCrum ◽  
Gerry Mckenna ◽  
Jayne Woodside ◽  
Laura McGowan ◽  
Sinead Watson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Habit Formation ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Rehabilitation ◽  
Partially Dentate

AbstractIntroductionReplacing missing teeth alone is not enough to engender dietary behaviour change amongst older adults. Whilst there is a body of evidence to support oral rehabilitation in conjunction with dietary advice, this is currently limited to edentate patients even though the majority of older adults are now partially dentate. One approach proven to change long-term food behaviours but is novel in this population is habit-formation. Consequently, this study developed and tested a habit-based tailored dietary intervention, in conjunction with oral rehabilitation amongst partially dentate older adults.Materials and methodsA pilot randomised control trial was conducted on 57 partially dentate older patients. Participants were randomised to an intervention group (habits-based dietary intervention) or a control group and followed up for 8 months. The intervention group attended four meetings with a trained researcher to target habit-formation around 3 dietary domains (fruit/vegetables, wholegrains, healthy proteins). The primary outcome measure was self-reported automaticity for developing healthy habits and habit formation was assessed using the Self-Report Behavioural Automaticity Index (SRBAI). Preliminary analysis was conducted on n = 36 participants between baseline and 8 month follow up.ResultsPreliminary results showed that SRBAI scores and self-reported frequency of days doing habits in the intervention group for all tailored dietary habits was significant between baseline and follow up visits (p < 0.001). There were moderate positive correlations between automaticity and habit adherence (Fruit/vegetables rho = 0.43, p = 0.09: Wholegrains rho = 0.44, p = 0.08: Healthy Proteins rho = 0.52, p = 0.03) for the intervention group. Automaticity trends were increased in the intervention group for all 3 dietary habits compared to the control group but, other than wholegrain (p = 0.005), between group differences were non-significant (p > 0.05). BMI decreased in the intervention group (29.6 to 28.7 kg/m2) compared to a non-significant increase in the control group (27.7 to 27.8 kg/m2) (p = 0.08). There were slight increases in Mini Nutritional Assessment mean change scores (0.19 intervention: 0.32 control) for both groups, however between-group differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.9). Greater improvements in food intake around dietary habits were observed in the intervention group (Fruit/vegetables:108 g Fibre 4g: Protein 11g) compared to the control group (Fruit/vegetables -17g: Fibre 2g: Protein -4g).DiscussionPreliminary results demonstrate the success of a habit-based dietary intervention coupled with oral rehabilitation in positively influencing dietary behaviours and other nutritional outcomes in partially dentate older adults.

Adolescent Disc Degeneration - No Headache Association

Cephalalgia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Laimi ◽  
M Erkintalo ◽  
L Metsähonkala ◽  
T Vahlberg ◽  
M Mikkelsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Neck Pain ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Mri Study

The objective of the study was to determine whether adolescents with headache have more disc degeneration in the cervical spine than headache-free controls. This study is part of a population-based follow-up study of adolescents with and without headache. At the age of 17 years, adolescents with headache at least three times a month ( N = 47) and adolescents with no headache ( N = 22) participated in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the cervical spine. Of the 47 headache sufferers, 17 also had weekly neck pain and 30 had neck pain less than once a month. MRI scans were interpreted independently by three neuroradiologists. Disc degeneration was found in 67% of participants, with no difference between adolescents with and without headache. Most of the degenerative changes were located in the lower cervical spine. In adolescence, mild degenerative changes of the cervical spine are surprisingly common but do not contribute to headache.

scholarly journals Physical Activity through a Classroom-Based Intervention: A Pragmatic Non-Randomized Trial among Swedish Adolescents in an Upper Secondary School

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11041
Author(s):  
Filip Christiansen ◽  
Viktor H. Ahlqvist ◽  
Mikaela Nyroos ◽  
Hans Löfgren ◽  
Daniel Berglind
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Based ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
Old Swedish ◽  
School Based Interventions ◽  
And Control

Schools are an important arena to curb the decline in physical activity (PA) in youth. School-based interventions with accelerometer-measured PA are warranted. This study aimed to increase accelerometer-measured PA in adolescents following a 12-month school-based intervention. Two school-classes of 16–18-year-old Swedish students were allocated to intervention group and control group. Accelerometer-measured PA was gathered at baseline, 6- and 12-month follow-up. Mixed-effects linear regression was used to investigate between-group and within-group differences in mean minutes per day (min/day) of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA (LPA) and sedentary time (ST). Fifty-seven students participated (intervention group = 31, control group = 26). At 12-month follow-up, the intervention group performed 5.9 (95% CI: −4.3, 16.2) min/day more in MVPA, 1.8 (95% CI: −17.9, 14.2) min/day less in LPA, and 4.1 (95% CI: −27.3, 19.2) min/day less in ST compared to the control group. Within the intervention group, there was no significant change in PA. Within the control group, LPA decreased (95% CI: −19.6, −0.2; p = 0.044) and ST increased (95% CI: 1.8, 30.8; p = 0.028). Although no between-group differences in PA were statistically significant, the within-group changes may suggest a preventive impact on the decline in PA during adolescence.

Effects of Interactive Book Reading for Increasing Children’s Knowledge of Instructional Verbs

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joneen Lowman ◽  
Laura T. Stone ◽  
Jing Guo
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Teacher Talk ◽  
Book Reading ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Reading Group ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Academic Content ◽  
Interactive Book

Interactive book reading (IBR) has proven effective for increasing children’s lexicons with most of the results based on students’ learning of nouns. Little is known about the application of IBR to instructional verbs (i.e., words used during the instruction of academic content). To address this gap, 122 prekindergarten children were recruited from seven elementary schools. Each school was randomly assigned to the intervention group or the control group. Children in the intervention group were taught 12 instructional verbs across a 3-week period using interactive book-reading strategies. Children assigned to the control group only received implicit exposure to instructional verbs during teacher talk. Children in the book-reading group knew significantly more words on a receptive picture identification task than children in the control group both at posttesting and at follow-up testing in the fall. No significant group differences were noted at spring testing.

scholarly journals Preliminary Results From a US Clinical Trial of a Novel Synthetic Polymer Meniscal Implant

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 232596712095241
Author(s):  
Brian P. McKeon ◽  
Kenneth R. Zaslav ◽  
Richard H. Alfred ◽  
R. Maxwell Alley ◽  
Richard H. Edelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Replacement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Synthetic Polymer ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Adverse Event Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Joint Biomechanics ◽  
Nonsurgical Therapy

Background: At least 760,000 outpatient meniscectomies are performed in the United States each year, making this the most common musculoskeletal procedure. However, meniscal resection can alter the joint biomechanics and overload the articular cartilage, which may contribute to degenerative changes and the need for knee replacement. Avoiding or delaying knee replacement is particularly important in younger or more active patients. Synthetic meniscal implants have been developed in an attempt to restore the natural joint biomechanics, alleviate pain and disability, and potentially minimize degenerative changes in patients who require meniscectomy. Purpose To evaluate the preliminary results from 2 ongoing trials that are evaluating the safety and effectiveness of a synthetic polymer meniscal implant (NUsurface; Active Implants, LLC). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: This was a preliminary analysis of the first 100 patients enrolled across 2 studies for 12 months: a single-arm, intervention-only study and a randomized controlled trial comparing the investigational meniscal implant with nonsurgical therapy. There were 65 patients in the implant group (30 randomized) and 35 in the control group. Outcomes included Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and adverse events (AEs) collected at baseline and follow-up visits of 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in baseline characteristics between the implant and control groups. At 12 months, follow-up KOOS data were available for 87% of the 100 included patients. Significantly greater improvements from baseline were observed in the implant group compared with controls in all KOOS subcomponents, except for symptoms (119%-177% greater improvement at 12 months). AEs were reported at similar rates between the 2 groups, with 12 AEs among 11 patients in the implant group (16.9%) versus 5 AEs among 5 patients (14.3%) in the control group ( P = .99). Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest significant improvements in pain and function scores with the implant over nonsurgical therapy and a similar adverse event rate.

scholarly journals OP0153-HPR HOW CAN WE HELP PEOPLE WITH FIBROMYALGIA? NO EFFECTS OF AN EVIDENCE-BASED MULTICOMPONENT REHABILITATION PROGRAMME

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 96.1-97
Author(s):  
H. A. Zangi ◽  
T. Haugmark ◽  
S. A. Provan ◽  
G. Smedslund ◽  
K. B. Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Rehabilitation Programme ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Work Impairment

Background:Patients with fibromyalgia (FM) suffer from high symptom burden, lack of understanding and few available treatments. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the management of FM state that optimal management should focus on prompt diagnosis, patient education and initially non-pharmacological treatments1. Physical exercise is recommended for all patients and may be combined with tailored psychological therapies for those with unhelpful coping strategies. The evidence for these combined therapies is still weak and further studies are warranted. A Norwegian mindfulness- and acceptance-based intervention, the Vitality Training Programme (VTP), has shown beneficial effects in groups of patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases2,3, but has previously not been tested in combination with physical exercise.Objectives:To test the effects of a multicomponent rehabilitation programme comprising the VTP followed by supervised physical exercise for patients with recently diagnosed FM.Methods:Patients with widespread pain ≥3 months; aged 20 to 50, who were working or had not been out of work >2 years, were referred to rheumatologists for diagnosis clarification according to ACR 2010 FM diagnosis criteria. All eligible patients participated in a 3-hour group-based patient education programme before inclusion and randomization. The intervention group received the VTP, a 10-session group programme followed by 12 weeks supervised physical exercise. The control group followed treatment as usual. Self-reported data were collected electronically. Primary outcome was Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), scored as 1= much worse, through 4=no change, to 7=much better, measured at 12 months follow-up. Values 6 - 7 were considered clinically relevant improvement. Secondary outcomes were pain, fatigue, sleep quality, psychological distress, mindfulness, physical activity, motivation and barriers for physical activity and work impairment. Effects were analysed by Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).Results:170 patients were randomised, 85 to intervention and 85 to control. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in PGIC at 12 months; 13% in the intervention group and 8% in the control group reported clinically relevant improvement (Figure 1). No statistically significant between-group differences were found in pain (p=0.05), fatigue (p=0.72), sleep quality (p=0.52), psychological distress (p=0.34), physical activity (p=0.78) or work impairment (0.27). There were significant between-group differences in patients’ tendency to be mindful (p=0.02) and ‘perceived benefits of exercise’ (p=0.03), in favour of the intervention group.Conclusion:At 12 months follow-up, a multicomponent rehabilitation programme had no significant health effects compared to treatment as usual. The results differ from previous studies on the VTP in patients with inflammatory joint diseases. The question, how can we help people with FM, remains unresolved.References:[1]Macfarlane GJ et al. EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76:318-28[2]Zangi HA et al. A mindfulness-based group intervention to reduce psychological distress and fatigue in patients with inflammatory rheumatic joint diseases: a randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:911-17[3]Haugli L et al. Learning to have less pain - is it possible? A one-year follow-up study of the effects of a personal construct group learning programme on patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Patient Educ Couns 2001;45:111-18Acknowledgments:The SALSA project groupDisclosure of Interests:None declared

Adolescent cervical disc degeneration in MRI does not predict adult headache or neck pain: A 5-year follow-up of adolescents with and without headache

Cephalalgia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katri Laimi ◽  
Johanna Pitkänen ◽  
Liisa Metsähonkala ◽  
Tero Vahlberg ◽  
Marja Mikkelsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Neck Pain ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Cervical Disc ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
The Impact

Aim The impact of early degenerative changes of the cervical spine on pain in adulthood is unknown. The objective was to determine whether degeneration in adolescence predicts headache or neck pain in young adulthood. Methods As part of a follow-up of schoolchildren with and without headache, 17-year-old adolescents with headache at least three times a month ( N = 47) and adolescents with no headache ( N = 22) participated in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the cervical spine. The same adolescents were re-examined by phone interview at the age of 22 years ( N = 60/69, 87%). Results Mild disc degeneration at the age of 17 years was common, but was not associated with either frequent or intensive headache or neck pain at the age of 22 years. Conclusion: Mild degenerative changes of the cervical spine in 17-year-old adolescents cannot be regarded as a cause of future headache or neck pain.

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