Onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus in rural areas of the USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 1136-1138
Author(s):  
Mary A M Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Us Census ◽  
Epidemiologic Features

BackgroundIn the USA, the epidemiologic features of type 1 diabetes are not well-defined across all 50 states. However, the advent of large nationwide insurance databases enables the investigation of where type 1 diabetes cases occur throughout the country.MethodsAn integrated database from a large nationwide health insurer in the USA (Clinformatics Data Mart Database) was used, from 2001 to 2017. The database contained longitudinal information on approximately 77 million people.ResultsThe incidence of type 1 diabetes was greatest in areas of low population density across the 50 states. Individuals in the lowest population density areas had rates that were 2.28 times (95% CI 2.08 to 2.50) that of persons living in high-density areas. This association was consistent across various measures of rural status (p<0.001 for population density; p<0.001 for per cent rural as defined by the US Census Bureau; p=0.026 for farmland). The association between rural areas and the incidence of type 1 diabetes was evident across all four general regions of the USA.ConclusionsThe predilection of type 1 diabetes in rural areas provides clues to potential factors associated with the onset of this autoimmune disease.

scholarly journals Socio-economic disparities and COVID-19 in the USA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayan Paul ◽  
Philipp Englert ◽  
Melinda Varga
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Us Census

COVID-19 is not a universal killer. We study the spread of COVID-19 at the county level for the United States up until the 15th of August, 2020. We show that the prevalence of the disease and the death rate are correlated with the local socio-economic conditions often going beyond local population density distributions, especially in rural areas. We correlate the COVID-19 prevalence and death rate with data from the US Census Bureau and point out how the spreading patterns of the disease show asymmetries in urban and rural areas separately and is preferentially affecting the counties where a large fraction of the population is non-white. Our findings can be used for more targeted policy building and deployment of resources for future occurrence of a pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2. Our methodology, based on interpretable machine learning and game theory, can be extended to study the spread of other diseases.

scholarly journals Bladder cancer stage and mortality: urban vs. rural residency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Deuker ◽  
L. Franziska Stolzenbach ◽  
Claudia Collà Ruvolo ◽  
Luigi Nocera ◽  
Zhe Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tumor Stage ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
The Us ◽  
Rural Residency ◽  
Residency Status ◽  
Cancer Specific Mortality ◽  
Us Census

Abstract Objective Relative to urban populations, rural patients may have more limited access to care, which may undermine timely bladder cancer (BCa) diagnosis and even survival. Methods We tested the effect of residency status (rural areas [RA < 2500 inhabitants] vs. urban clusters [UC ≥ 2500 inhabitants] vs. urbanized areas [UA, ≥50,000 inhabitants]) on BCa stage at presentation, as well as on cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and other cause mortality (OCM), according to the US Census Bureau definition. Multivariate competing risks regression (CRR) models were fitted after matching of RA or UC with UA in stage-stratified analyses. Results Of 222,330 patients, 3496 (1.6%) resided in RA, 25,462 (11.5%) in UC and 193,372 (87%) in UA. Age, tumor stage, radical cystectomy rates or chemotherapy use were comparable between RA, UC and UA (all p > 0.05). At 10 years, RA was associated with highest OCM followed by UC and UA (30.9% vs. 27.7% vs. 25.6%, p < 0.01). Similarly, CSM was also marginally higher in RA or UC vs. UA (20.0% vs. 20.1% vs. 18.8%, p = 0.01). In stage-stratified, fully matched CRR analyses, increased OCM and CSM only applied to stage T1 BCa patients. Conclusion We did not observe meaningful differences in access to treatment or stage distribution, according to residency status. However, RA and to a lesser extent UC residency status, were associated with higher OCM and marginally higher CSM in T1N0M0 patients. This observation should be further validated or refuted in additional epidemiological investigations.

To determine the effect of healthcare policy implementation on the COVID-19 pandemic.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaroosh Mishra ◽  
Ravi Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Us Census ◽  
Case Data

As the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 has spread across the USA, some states have been impacted in different ways than others. This is due to factors such as the implementation of public health guidelines, primarily mask usage, and vaccination rates. With the Delta variant already causing much damage and with newer variants mutating, it is imperative to understand the spread of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2. The study examined five states - Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana - and their respective COVID-19 cases. Data on these states were collected from the US Census Bureau and the CDC. The data was then compared between each state as well as to the USA. Finally, the data were analyzed and visualized using statistics software. First, COVID-19 cases were normalized by dividing by population in millions to get a standard measure, Daily Cases Per Million (DPCM), to compare the five states. Next, we used the CDC data to create a timeline, which was used to compare case data between states. Additionally, the CDC data was used to compare states concerning non-communicable disorders. Our analysis showed that the vaccination rate reduced while the masking mandates were interrupted for more than two months, with a rapid rise in delta variant of COVID-19 virus. Thus, from the study, it can be concluded that vaccines and mask usage are the most critical factors in preventing COVID-19 transmission.

Islet cell transplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes in the USA

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Ikemoto ◽  
Hirofumi Noguchi ◽  
Masayuki Shimoda ◽  
Bashoo Naziruddin ◽  
Andrew Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Islet Cell ◽  
Islet Cell Transplantation ◽  
The Usa

scholarly journals Why the Economics Profession Must Actively Participate in the Privacy Protection Debate

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Abowd ◽  
Ian M. Schmutte ◽  
William N. Sexton ◽  
Lars Vilhuber
Keyword(s):  
Privacy Protection ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Public Data ◽  
The Us ◽  
Economics Profession ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Us Census

When Google or the US Census Bureau publishes detailed statistics on browsing habits or neighborhood characteristics, some privacy is lost for everybody while supplying public information. To date, economists have not focused on the privacy loss inherent in data publication. In their stead, these issues have been advanced almost exclusively by computer scientists who are primarily interested in technical problems associated with protecting privacy. Economists should join the discussion, first to determine where to balance privacy protection against data quality--a social choice problem. Furthermore, economists must ensure new privacy models preserve the validity of public data for economic research.

Choice and Conflict about Census Data Adjusting the American Census Count

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Census Count ◽  
Social Fact ◽  
The Us ◽  
Census Adjustment ◽  
Us Census

ABSTRACTThe census is a social fact, the outcome of a process that involves the interaction of public laws and institutions and citizens' responses to an official inquiry. However, it is not a ‘hard’ fact. Reasons for inevitable defects in the census count are listed in the first section; the second section reports efforts by the US Census Bureau to identify sources of error in census coverage, and make estimates of the size of the errors. The use of census data for policy purposes, such as political representation and allocating funds, makes these defects controversial. Errors may be removed by making adjustments to the initial census count. However, because adjustment reallocates resources between groups, it has become the subject of political conflict. The paper describes the conflict between statistical practices, laws and public policy about census adjustment in the United States, and concludes by considering the extent to which causes in America are likely to be found in other countries.

scholarly journals Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Adult Patients with Type 1 Diabetes in the US

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Edelman ◽  
Fang Liz Zhou ◽  
Ronald Preblick ◽  
Sumit Verma ◽  
Sachin Paranjape ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
The Us

From Statistics by Country of Birth to the System of National Origins

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Schor
Keyword(s):  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
National Origin ◽  
Immigration Restriction ◽  
Birth Mother ◽  
Immigrant Populations ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Us Census ◽  
Immigration And Ethnicity

This chapter discusses changes in the categories of ethnicity and immigration in the US census. From the beginning of the twentieth century to the 1930s, statistics on immigration and ethnicity took first place in schedules, published reports, and public policy. Not only did census figures establish immigration quotas, but census statisticians, with their methods and their culture, constructed the mechanism for exclusion by national origin. However, after 1928 there was a retreat from measuring ethnicity, which became evident in the 1930 and 1940 censuses by a marked lack of interest in questions of place of birth, mother tongue, and degree of assimilation. The history of the categories that made it possible to measure ethnicity is a complex one, involving three main groups of actors: advocates of immigration restriction, representatives of immigrant populations, and Census Bureau statisticians, with each group attempting to respond to contradictory demands and to defend their own interests.

scholarly journals Association of socioeconomic status and DKA readmission in adults with type 1 diabetes: analysis of the US National Readmission Database

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estelle Everett ◽  
Nestoras Nicolas Mathioudakis
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Usa ◽  
National Readmission Database

ObjectiveTo identify patient and hospital predictors of recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) admissions in adults in the USA with type 1 diabetes, focusing on socioeconomic indicators.Research design and methodsThis cross-sectional study used the National Readmission Database to identify adult patients with type 1 diabetes admitted for DKA between 2010 and 2015. The index DKA admission was defined as the first admission within the calendar year and the primary outcome was recurrent DKA admission(s) within the same calendar year. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed using covariates of patient and hospital factors at the index admission to determine the odds of DKA readmission(s).ResultsAmong 181 284 index DKA admissions, 39 693 (22%) had at least one readmission within the calendar year, of which 33 931 (86%) and 5762 (14%) had 1–3 and ≥4 DKA readmissions, respectively. When compared with the highest income quartile, patients in the first and second income quartiles had 46% (95% CI 30% to 64%) and 34% (95% CI 19% to 51%) higher odds of four or more DKA readmissions, respectively. Medicaid and Medicare insurance were both associated with a 3.3-fold adjusted risk (95% CI 3.0 to 3.7) for ≥4 readmissions compared with private insurance, respectively. Younger age, female sex, and discharge against medical advice were also predictive.ConclusionsLower socioeconomic status and Medicaid insurance are strong predictors of DKA readmissions in adults with type 1 diabetes in the USA. Further studies are needed to understand the mediators of this association to inform multilevel interventions for this high-risk population.Significance of the studyThe association of socioeconomic status (SES) and hospital admission for DKA has been studied in pediatrics with type 1 diabetes, but the data in adults are limited, and studies evaluating recurrent DKA admissions are scarcer. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe predictors of recurrent DKA admissions in adults with type 1 diabetes on a national level in the USA. We found that those at highest risk of recurrent DKA are young women with low SES who had Medicaid or Medicare insurance. These findings should prompt further studies to explore the mediators of these disparities in patients with type 1 diabetes, as recurrent DKA results in high healthcare utilization and increased risk of long-term complications.

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