Article 22: The Right to Protection for Refugee and Asylum-Seeking Children

Article 22 guarantees the substantive application of all Convention rights to the particular situation of asylum seeking and refugee children, and also guarantees them protection and assistance in advancing their immigration and residency status claims and in overcoming the hurdles posed by international migration channels, including guarantees of due process. The rights of refugee and asylum-seeking children can be analyzed in relation to four essential attributes. First of all, Article 22 insists upon appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance. Refugee children are not granted a special status under the Convention, but they are not given any lesser status. They are to be treated as children first and foremost and not as migrants per se, in the sense that national immigration policy cannot trump child rights. The basic rights to education, health, and child welfare of these children needs to be protected to the same extent, and as much as possible, as children who are nationals of the host country. The second attribute preserves the rights of refugee children not only under the Convention but under all other international human right treaties and humanitarian instruments binding on the relevant States Party. These may include, for many governments, the 1951 Refugee Convention, the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Convention for the Protection of Minors, 1961, among others. A third attribute of Article 22 insists upon the duty to protect and assist refugee children. This entails a clear duty to provide children with appropriate due process rights throughout their asylum and refugee claims procedures, including the child’s right to be heard and participate in all the processes determining the child’s residence or immigration status, border admission, deportation, repatriation, detention, alternative measures, or placement, including best interest determination processes. The fourth and final attribute of Article 22 asserts that two basic principles should guide each activity with the refugee child: the best interests of the child and the principle of family unity.

Student Acceptance of a Civic Engagement Graduation Requirement in an Urban Community College

Civic engagement is an essential part of a democratic society, though it has recently tended toward adversarial political conflict. Although many college administrators favor encouraging or requiring student civic engagement, little is known about whether students themselves would support this, and how student characteristics are related to acceptance. Past and present civic activities of 2,327 students at a large, very diverse urban community college were surveyed using the newly developed KCC Civic Engagement Scale. Results showed strong agreement that the college had a responsibility to develop civically engaged students, but that the term “civic engagement” is unclear to many. Principal components analysis revealed four distinct factors: general non-political civic engagement, and low-effort, high-effort, and unconventional political activities. Level of student participation in various activities is primarily determined by a student's time availability and secondarily by a complex assortment of personal characteristics, including residency status.

“Us versus Them;” Local Social Fragmentation and Its Potential Effects on Building Pathways to Adapting to Wildfire

As the need for wildfire adaptation for human populations in the wildland-urban interface (WUI) intensifies in the face of changes that have increased the number of wildfires that exceed 100 thousand acres, it is becoming more important to come to a better understanding of social complexity on the WUI landscape. It is just as important to further our understanding of the social characteristics of the individual human settlements that inhabit that landscape and attempt to craft strategies to improve wildfire adaptation that are commensurate with local values, management preferences, and local capabilities. The case study research presented in this article evaluates social characteristics present in a WUI community that faces extreme wildfire risk to both people and property. It explores social processes that impede the ability of community members to work together collectively to solve problems (e.g., wildfire risk) and offers an alternative perspective about the nature of residency status (i.e., full-time and non-full-time) and its role in influencing wildfire mitigation efforts. This article closes with recommendations intended to facilitate collective action and foster community development.

Effects of Global Budget Payments on Vulnerable Medicare Subpopulations in Maryland

There is little evidence regarding population equity in alternative payment models (APMs). We aimed to determine whether one such APM, the Maryland All-Payer Model (MDAPM), had differential effects on subpopulations of vulnerable Medicare beneficiaries. We utilized Medicare fee-for-service claims for beneficiaries living in Maryland and 48 comparison hospital market areas between 2011 and 2018. We used doubly robust difference-in-difference-in-differences regression models to estimate the differential effects of MDAPM on Medicare beneficiaries by dual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid, disability as original reason for Medicare entitlement, presence of multiple chronic conditions (MCC), race, and rural residency status. Dual, disabled, and beneficiaries with MCC had greater reductions in expenditures and utilization than their counterparts. Hospitals may have prioritized high-cost, high-need patients as they changed their care delivery practices. The percentage of hospital discharges with 14-day follow-up was significantly lower for disadvantaged subpopulations, including duals, disabled, and non-White.

The Right to Residency: Mobility, Tuition, and Public Higher Education Access

This article argues that the now-widespread US practice of residency-based tuition differentials for public higher education institutions is a twentieth-century form of higher education exceptionalism carved out in law and state policy, contradicting otherwise cherished and protected rights of free movement. This contradiction has been enabled in part by the vague standard of constitutional protection for the right to interstate mobility and in part by fiscal deference to public universities that quickly recognized the potential benefits of higher nonresident tuition rates. By both defining higher education as outside of the “necessities of life” and upholding a narrative that the children of state residents had a special entitlement to lower tuition as a kind of “legacy” taxpayer inheritance, courts, legislatures, and educational institutions built a modern higher education finance structure that discriminates against the mobility of “newcomers” and any student with a complicated family structure or residency status.

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among University Students in Lebanon

Background Lebanon has one of the lowest reported COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates (21%). Little is known about the decision-making process of college students in Lebanon regarding obtaining a COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify factors that predicted the behavioral intentions of students enrolled at the American University of Beirut (AUB), Lebanon to obtain a COVID-19 vaccine. Methods The study was a randomized, non-experimental, and cross-sectional study of undergraduate and graduate students. A valid and reliable survey was developed. A total of 3,805 students were randomly selected to participate from all academic units. A total of 800 students responded (21% return rate). Results We generated three groups based on students’ intentions to be vaccinated: 1) vaccine accepting (those who are willing to take or already took the vaccine); 2) vaccine hesitant (those who are hesitant to take the vaccine); and 3) vaccine resistant (those who decided not to take the vaccine). The majority were Lebanese (85%), undergraduate students (75%), females (57%) with a mean age of 21 ± 0.14 years. Overall, students were vaccine accepting. Specifically, they were vaccine accepting (87%), vaccine hesitant (10%), and vaccine resistant (3%). Vaccine hesitancy was significantly associated with nationality, residency status and university rank (p value < 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant association between hesitancy and agreement with conspiracies. A significant factor for hesitancy was disagreement with the statement that symptomatic cases are the only carriers of COVID-19 (OR = 5; 95% CI = 1.67–14.29; p value = 0.004). Students believed that that the vaccine was safe (OR = 0.01; 95% CI = 0.002–0.08; p value = 0.000); in agreement with their personal views (OR = 0.1; 95% CI = 0.02–0.51; p value = 0.004) and were less likely to be hesitant than the vaccine accepting group (reference group). Conclusion The factors identified that explain and/or predict each of the three vaccine intention groups can be used as core content for health communication and social marketing campaigns to increase the rate of COVID-19 vaccination.

Entry Denied: Japan’s Border Restrictions in the Time of the COVID-19 Emergency

With the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting COVID-19 pandemic, Japan adopted controversial policies to contain the virus. Unlike many highly developed countries, it enacted strict policies banning entry through its borders to all non-Japanese citizens regardless of their residency status. The further peculiarity is that these measures equalized low-skill and high-skill foreign workers, affecting them identically. Along with describing how the emergency has been handled in relation to foreign nationals, this article highlights how pre-existing socio-cultural dynamics of differentiation between “insiders” and “outsiders” have evolved in response to the pandemic.

International Student Experience at US Community Colleges at the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

This study’s purpose is to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international students who were studying at US community colleges at the onset of this public health crisis. While previous work has explored the impact of the pandemic on international students generally, we argue that community college international students deserve focused attention due to their potentially marginalized status on their campuses. Using a mixed-methods research approach, we analyze survey and focus group data provided by 17 randomly-selected community college educators. Our results speak to two overarching themes: the supports provided to students at the onset of the pandemic (and educators reasons for providing these specific supports) and the unique impact of the pandemic on community college international students due to their citizenship or residency status. These findings have important implications for community college leaders and international educators as they work with international students during future times of crisis.

Dietary Intakes, Scores and Serum Lutein and Zeaxanthin Levels in Selected Adult Australian Population

Objectives Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness in Australia and globally. Many studies have reported dietary and non-dietary risk associated factors to AMD, but few studies have focused on the dietary intakes and relative bioavailability of serum lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z). This study aimed to assess the dietary intakes, scores and serum L and Z levels in a selected Australian Adult population. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 33 healthy adults aged 19–29 and 30–52 years was carried out. Background demographic information on all participants was obtained using an online self-administered questionnaire while diet intakes were obtained using the USDA's 24 hours recall questionnaire, the Victorian Cancer Council (Australia) food frequency questionnaire. Serum L and Z levels were determined using HPLC. Dietary intakes, scores against serum L, Z, and L + Z were established using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression. Results Mean serum concentration of L + Z were higher in older vs younger adults (49.0 ± 10.0 μg/dL vs 43.0 ± 14.0 μg/dL) whereas dietary intakes were lower (15.7 μg/100 g vs 18.7 μg/100 g). Percentage (%) dietary scores were slightly higher among the older age group (43.0% vs 41.3%). Among women vs men, women had higher scores, dietary intakes of L + Z (19.3 μg/100 g vs 15.0 μg/100 g) and % dietary scores (43.9% vs 40.1%). There was no observed gender difference in serum L + Z levels (46.0 ± 12.0 μg/dL). Serum L + Z levels correlated more with the ethnic group of African descent (P = 0.357, P &lt; 0.022) and duration of residency (&gt;10 years) (P = 0.348, P = 0.025). About 59% of participants had L/Z ratio of either 3 : 1 or 4 : 1. Multivariate regression identified percentage dietary scores, ethnicity, age as major predictors of serum L + Z concentrations (R2 = 0.837). Conclusions Established age-specific reference range for dietary intakes and serum L + Z levels is required to determine populations at risk of AMD. Women are making better food choices than men. This was apparent in dietary intakes, scores. Ethnicity and longer residency status in Australia correlated with serum L + Z concentrations. Funding Sources None.

Multi-scale temporal variation in bird-window collisions in the central United States

Expansion of urbanization and infrastructure associated with human activities has numerous impacts on wildlife including causing wildlife-structure collisions. Collisions with building windows represent a top bird mortality source, but a lack of research into timing of these collisions hampers efforts to predict them and mitigate effects on avian populations. In Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA, we investigated patterns of bird-window collisions at multiple temporal scales, from within-day to monthly and seasonal variation. We found that collisions peaked during overnight and early morning hours, a pattern that was consistent across seasons. Further, temporal variation in fatal collisions was explained by an interaction between season and avian residency status. This interaction illustrated the expected pattern that more migrant individuals than residents collided in fall, but we also documented unexpected patterns. For example, the highest monthly total of collisions occurred in spring migration during May. We also found similarly high numbers of resident and migrant collisions in spring, and a roughly similar amount of migrant mortality in spring and fall migration. These findings, which provide unprecedented quantitative information regarding temporal variation in bird-window collisions, have important implications for understanding mechanisms by which birds collide and improving timing of measures to reduce this major bird mortality source.