Characteristics and changes over time of nicotine vaping products used by vapers in the 2016 and 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056239
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Felicione ◽  
Brian Vincent Fix ◽  
Ann McNeill ◽  
K. Michael Cummings ◽  
Maciej Lukasz Goniewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Longitudinal Analyses ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Device Stability ◽  
Consumer Choices ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

ObjectivesRegulation of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) varies between countries, impacting the availability and use of these products. This study updated the analyses of O’Connor et al on types of NVPs used and examined changes in NVP features used over 18 months in four countries with differing regulatory environments.DesignData are from 4734 adult current vapers in Australia, Canada, England and the USA from Waves 1 (2016) and 2 (2018) of the International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. NVP characteristics included device description, adjustable voltage, nicotine content and tank size. Longitudinal analyses (n=1058) assessed movement towards or away from more complex/modifiable NVPs. A logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with changes in device description from 2016 to 2018.ResultsLike 2016, box-tanks were the most popular NVP (37.3%) in all four countries in 2018. Over 80% of vapers continued using the same NVP and nicotine content between waves, though movement tended towards more complex/modifiable devices (14.4% of vapers). Box-tank users, exclusive daily vapers and older vapers were most likely to continue using the same device description. Certain NVPs and features differed by country, such as higher nicotine contents in the USA (11.5% use 21+ mg/mL) and greater device stability over time in Australia (90.8% stability).ConclusionsMost vapers continued using the same vaping device and features over 18 months. Differences in NVP types and features were observed between countries, suggesting that differing NVP regulations affect consumer choices regarding the type of vaping device to use.

A longitudinal analysis of sociodemographic and health correlates of sexual health among HIV-infected men in the USA

Sexual Health ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Jeffries ◽  
Barbara A. Zsembik ◽  
Chuck W. Peek ◽  
Constance R. Uphold
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Erectile Function ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Sex Drive ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Over Time

Background: Sexual health among HIV-infected men primarily has been examined in cross-sectional designs. Few have used longitudinal data to measure sexual health change or factors associated with change. Moreover, studies of HIV-infected men disproportionately focus on sexual risk behaviours. The present paper examines temporal changes in sexual health based on measures of sexual activity, erectile function, sex drive, and sex life satisfaction. Methods: Data from a prospective cohort study of HIV-infected men (n = 197) in the USA were used. Sexual health measures were based on self-reported sexual activity, erectile function, sex drive, and sex life satisfaction at 12- and 24-month follow-ups. Transition matrices described 1-year sexual health changes. Logistic regression models determined sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with change. Results: Men reported considerable change in sexual health during the year-long observation interval. Among men who experienced change, younger age, cohabitation, and higher CD4 counts were associated with greater sexual activity over time. Men with more depression symptoms had lower erectile function over time, and higher education and higher income were protective against temporal declines in sex drive and satisfaction. Less disease comorbidity was associated with 1-year improvements in sex life satisfaction. Conclusions: Some men in our sample experienced sexual health change, but stability was common for most. Temporal changes in sexual health varied according to age, cohabitation, education, income, and physical and mental health covariates. The present paper highlights the benefits of longitudinal investigations and multidimensional definitions of sexual health.

Institutions, entrepreneurial adaptation, and the legal form of the organization

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indu Khurana ◽  
Dmitriy Krichevskiy ◽  
Gregory Dempster ◽  
Sean Stimpson
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Over Time

PurposeThis paper aims to examine how economic freedom impacts the initial choice of legal structure for startup firms. The authors do this by first exploring whether economic freedom is an essential determinant of the initial legal form of organization (LFO). The authors then explore the impact of economic freedom on firms' choice of changing their initial legal structure over time and how this change impacts their survival rate.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ a multinomial logistic regression model to measure the initial determinants of LFO by utilizing an eight-year panel data set of 4,928 startups in the USA through the Kauffman firm survey and merge it with the Economic Freedom in North American index from the Fraser Institute. The authors then employ a logistic regression model to examine the determinants facilitating a change in legal structure over time.FindingsThe results show that economic freedom is a significant determinant in the choice of legal structure. The findings also report that the majority of startups do not change their legal form, but of those that do change the legal structure show a higher survival rate.Research limitations/implicationsMajor limitations are the size of the data and the nature of somewhat limited economic freedom differences with the USA. More nuanced measures of economic freedom would be highly desirable.Practical implicationsPolicymakers should take note that limited red tape, smoothly working labor markets and straightforward processes for changes of legal structures of organizations would improve survival and growth odds for entrepreneurs.Originality/valueDrawing on the theory of institutions, the authors attempt to bridge a gap in the literature by explicitly analyzing the determinants of the legal structure in startups in light of economic freedom. Institutional factors do not work in isolation; therefore, the authors also employ traditional entrepreneur-specific variables that affect the choice of legal structure in addition to the institutional framework.

scholarly journals Factors associated with fecal-shedding of Salmonella spp by horses on US operations

2002 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.C. Losinger ◽  
J.L. Traub-Dargatz ◽  
L.P. Garber ◽  
P.J. Fedorka-Cray ◽  
S. Ladely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Fecal Specimen ◽  
National Study ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Data Collector ◽  
The Usa

In a cross-sectional national study that included 972 operations with > 3 horses on 1/1/98 in 28 states in the USA, 8,417 fecal specimens were collected from horses and cultured to test for the presence of Salmonella spp. Operations were characterized as Salmonella spp-positive if at least one fecal specimen tested positive for Salmonella spp. Percentages of Salmonella spp-positive operations were computed by management and other factors (collected from operation-level questionnaires) that were hypothesized to be related to fecal shedding of Salmonella spp. A logistic-regression model was constructed to identify factors associated with horses’ shedding Salmonella spp in feces on an operation. The odds of an operation being Salmonella spp positive increased as the number of resident horses increased. In addition, the following factors were found to be associated with increased odds of an operation being Salmonella spp positive: horses were used primarily for breeding; operation cleanliness was characterized as poor by the data collector; and new resident equids had been added to the operation without routine quarantine.

scholarly journals Changes in the nutritional quality of fast-food items marketed at restaurants, 2010v.2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 2117-2127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Soo ◽  
Jennifer L Harris ◽  
Kirsten K Davison ◽  
David R Williams ◽  
Christina A Roberto
Keyword(s):  
Fast Food ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Fast Food Restaurant ◽  
Nutrient Profile ◽  
Food Items ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Fast Food Restaurants ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the nutritional quality of menu items promoted in four (US) fast-food restaurant chains (McDonald’s, Burger King, Wendy’s, Taco Bell) in 2010 and 2013.DesignMenu items pictured on signs and menu boards were recorded at 400 fast-food restaurants across the USA. The Nutrient Profile Index (NPI) was used to calculate overall nutrition scores for items (higher scores indicate greater nutritional quality) and was dichotomized to denote healthierv.less healthy items. Changes over time in NPI scores and energy of promoted foods and beverages were analysed using linear regression.SettingFour hundred fast-food restaurants (McDonald’s, Burger King, Wendy’s, Taco Bell; 100 locations per chain).SubjectsNPI of fast-food items marketed at fast-food restaurants.ResultsPromoted foods and beverages on general menu boards and signs remained below the ‘healthier’ cut-off at both time points. On general menu boards, pictured items became modestly healthier from 2010 to 2013, increasing (mean (se)) by 3·08 (0·16) NPI score points (P<0·001) and decreasing (mean (se)) by 130 (15) kJ (31·1 (3·65) kcal;P<0·001). This pattern was evident in all chains except Taco Bell, where pictured items increased in energy. Foods and beverages pictured on the kids’ section showed the greatest nutritional improvements. Although promoted foods on general menu boards and signs improved in nutritional quality, beverages remained the same or became worse.ConclusionsFoods, and to a lesser extent, beverages, promoted on menu boards and signs in fast-food restaurants showed limited improvements in nutritional quality in 2013v.2010.

Gender representation in authorship in later-phase systemic clinical trials in biliary tract cancer (BTC).

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 348-348
Author(s):  
Mairead Geraldine McNamara ◽  
John A. Bridgewater ◽  
Lipika Goyal ◽  
David Goldstein ◽  
Rachna T. Shroff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Industry Funding ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
End Point ◽  
Female Author ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Google Search ◽  
Later Phase ◽  
Over Time

348 Background: The proportion of females in medicine is increasing (approx. 50% in medical school/workforce), but disparities in female authorship in oncology research publications exist; female corresponding authorship reportedly ranges from 7.2-39.1% in oncology clinical trials (Ludmir et al 2019). This study aimed to describe and assess factors associated with female first and senior authorship in later phase systemic clinical trials in BTC and to identify any changes over time. Methods: Embase/Medline were used to identify final primary trial publications in BTC (2000-2020) (excluding phase I (PI) (expected to move to later phase), mixed tumour site trials, reviews, editorials and trial-in-progress publications). Gender was determined by inspection of names, google search and author communication. Chi-square tests and log regression were used to assess factors associated with female first and senior authorship, including changes over time (STATA16). Results: Of 501 publications, 163 met inclusion criteria; 80% single-arm PII and 15% and 5% randomised PII and PIII respectively; 73% enrolled ≤50 patients. Tumour primary sites were all BTC: 86%, cholangiocarcinoma: 8%, gallbladder cancer: 6%; 80% involved chemotherapy, 13% targeted therapy and 5% localised/systemic combinations; 65% were in first-line (1L) advanced setting, 17% post 1L, 13% advanced non-specified and 5% neo-adjuvant/adjuvant. Forty-eight percent received industry funding and 65% met primary end-point. Sixty-four percent were published post ABC-02 (Valle et al 2010). Publication impact factor (IF) was ≤5 in 50% and >20 in 12%. Median number of authors in all publications was 11. Geographic location of all first and senior authors were Asia (42%/42%), Europe (29%/29%), USA (24%/22%) and other (4%/6%), respectively. Median individual trial female author representation was 25%; there were no female authors in 12% of trials. Overall, female first and senior author representation was 21% and 11%, respectively. Median position of first female author was second. In publications with IF ≤20 and >20, there were 22% and 16% female first and 13% and 0% female senior authors, respectively. The phase of trial, journal IF, industry funding, or whether met primary end-point did not impact female first or senior author representation (all P>.05). There were more female senior authors associated with “other” geographic locations (40% in 10 trials) (P=.016) vs Asia (7%), Europe (8%) and USA (14%). There were no significant changes in female first or senior author representation over time (‘00-05: 21%/18%, ‘06-10: 27%/5%, ‘11-15: 15%/15%, ‘16-20: 22%/9%, P=.738, and P=.508 respectively). Conclusions: Female first and senior author representation in later phase systemic clinical trial publications in BTC is low and has not changed significantly over time. The underlying reasons for this imbalance need to be better understood and addressed.

Systematic identification and replication of factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine initiation among adolescents in the United States using an environment-wide association study approach

2021 ◽  
pp. sextrans-2021-054976
Author(s):  
Tahmina Nasserie ◽  
Eran Bendavid
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthcare Seeking ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Vaccine Initiation ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
The Usa

ObjectiveHuman papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage is low among adolescents in the USA. Identification of factors associated with HPV vaccine initiation (receipt of ≥1 dose) is critical for improving uptake. Our objective was to systematically investigate all eligible factors available in a nationally representative sample of adolescents to identify drivers of HPV vaccine initiation using a novel methodological approach.MethodsWe performed multiple cross-sectional analyses using data from the adolescent component of the National Immunization Surveys (NIS)-Teen between 2014 and 2019. Study participants were parents or caregivers of adolescents aged 13–17 years. Exposure variables measured sociodemographic and geographical characteristics, health conditions and healthcare provision. We tested the association between each factor and HPV vaccine initiation using univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression adjusted for mother’s age, mother’s education level, mother’s marital status, poverty status and adolescent’s sex. We validated findings for each type of analysis within surveys, between surveys (across years 2014–2019) and across several subgroups (age, sex, poverty status and race/ethnicity).ResultsSix factors were replicated in the multivariate analysis. Most replicated factors characterised the role of healthcare providers and healthcare-seeking behaviours. After adjustment, provider HPV recommendation remained the most strongly associated with HPV vaccine initiation (2019 NIS-Teen: OR 13.4, 95% CI 11.3 to 17.3, p<0.001). The variance explained by a full model including replicated factors was 0.39.ConclusionsThis is the first study to explore the association between all available factors in the NIS-Teen and HPV vaccine initiation in a systematic manner. Our study suggests that healthcare-seeking behaviours and interactions with the health system may be drivers of HPV vaccine initiation and warrant further study. Addressing these factors could improve the rate of HPV vaccine initiation among adolescents in the USA.

Indicators of dependence and efforts to quit vaping and smoking among youth in Canada, England and the USA

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056269
Author(s):  
David Hammond ◽  
Jessica L Reid ◽  
Vicki L Rynard ◽  
Richard J O'Connor ◽  
Maciej L Goniewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Online Surveys ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Symptom Prevalence ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

ObjectiveThe current study examined indicators of dependence among youth cigarette smokers and e-cigarette users in Canada, England and the USA, including changes between 2017 and 2019.MethodsData are from repeated cross-sectional online surveys conducted in 2017, 2018 and 2019 with national samples of youth aged 16–19 years, in Canada (n=12 018), England (n=11 362) and the USA (n=12 110). Measures included perceived addiction to cigarettes/e-cigarettes, frequency of experiencing strong urges to smoke/use an e-cigarette, plans to quit smoking/using e-cigarettes and past attempts to quit. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine differences between countries and changes over time.ResultsThe proportion of ever-users who vaped frequently was significantly higher in 2019 compared with 2017 for all outcomes in each country. Between 2017 and 2019, the proportion of past 30-day vapers reporting strong urges to vape on most days or more often increased in each country (Canada: 35.3%, adjusted OR (AOR) 1.69, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.38; England: 32.8%, AOR 1.55, 1.08 to 2.23; USA: 46.1%, AOR 1.88, 1.41 to 2.50), along with perceptions of being ‘a little’ or ‘very addicted’ to e-cigarettes (Canada: 48.3%, AOR 1.99, 1.44 to 2.75; England: 40.1%, AOR 1.44, 1.03 to 2.01; USA: 53.1%, AOR 1.99, 1.50 to 2.63). Indicators of dependence among smokers were consistently greater than e-cigarette users, although differences had narrowed by 2019, particularly in Canada and the USA.ConclusionsPrevalence of dependence symptoms among young e-cigarette users increased between 2017 and 2019, more so in Canada and the USA compared with England. Dependence symptom prevalence was lower for e-cigarettes than smoking; however, the gap has narrowed over time.

Factors associated with physicians' prescribing behavior for treatment of influenza in the USA

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Payal Patel-Dovlatabadi
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Metropolitan Statistical Area ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Prescribing Behavior ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Antiviral Medications

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to identify factors (i.e. age, gender, ethnicity, type of medical facility, geographical location, etc.) associated with physicians' prescribing behavior when treating influenza in the USA. The study aims to examine why the number of antiviral prescriptions remains substandard. Design/methodology/approach – Data were obtained from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for each influenza season between the years of 2005-2008. Bivariate analyses and two models of multivariate logistic regression analyses (one with no fixed effect and the other including year as a fixed effect) were used to analyze the data. Findings – The results from this study revealed that among family practice physicians, 40.5 percent prescribed antiviral medications to patients presenting with influenza while 59.5 percent prescribed another form of medication. Antibiotics comprised 41.3 percent of the prescriptions for treatment of influenza. Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that race (White; p=0.023), type of health setting (private solo/group practice; p=0.041), employment status (owner; p=0.046), and metropolitan location (metropolitan statistical area; p=0.032) were all significantly associated with prescribing antivirals. Patients' expected source of payment (private insurance) and geographical location (Midwest) of health facility were marginally associated with prescribing antivirals. Originality/value – By identifying factors associated with physicians' prescribing practices of antiviral medications, a more timely diagnosis and treatment of influenza can occur. Efforts should be targeted to improve physician education and awareness of the illness. Interventions may be implemented to improve the prescribing of antiviral medications and potentially inappropriate prescribing.

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