The changing retail landscape for tobacco: dollar stores and the availability of cheap cigarettes among tobacco-related priority populations

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056389
Author(s):  
Ilana G Raskind ◽  
Monika Vishwakarma ◽  
Nina C Schleicher ◽  
Elizabeth Andersen-Rodgers ◽  
Lisa Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Liquor Stores ◽  
Cigarette Pack ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods ◽  
Dollar Store ◽  
Priority Populations ◽  
Price Differences

IntroductionDollar stores are rapidly altering the retail landscape for tobacco. Two of the three largest chains sell tobacco products in more than 24 000 stores across the USA. We sought to examine whether dollar stores are more likely to be located in disadvantaged neighbourhoods and whether dollar stores charge less for cigarettes than other tobacco retailers.MethodsData were collected from a statewide random sample of licensed tobacco retailers in California (n=7678) in 2019. Logistic regression modelled odds of a census tract containing at least one dollar store as a function of tract demographics. Linear mixed models compared price of the cheapest cigarette pack by store type, controlling for tract demographics.ResultsCensus tracts with lower median household income, rural status and higher proportions of school-age youth were more likely to contain at least one dollar store. The cheapest cigarette pack cost less in dollar stores compared with all store types examined except tobacco shops. Estimated price differences ranged from $0.32 (95% CI: 0.14 to 0.51) more in liquor stores and $0.39 (95% CI: 0.22 to 0.57) more in convenience stores, to $0.82 (95% CI: 0.64 to 1.01) more in small markets and $1.86 (95% CI: 1.61 to 2.11) more in stores classified as ‘other’.ConclusionsDollar stores may exacerbate smoking-related inequities by contributing to the availability of cheaper cigarettes in neighbourhoods that are lower income, rural and have greater proportions of youth. Pro-equity retail policies, such as minimum price laws and density reduction policies, could mitigate the health consequences of dollar stores’ rapid expansion.

scholarly journals Toward a comprehensive and distributed approach to assessing university student experience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily M. Zeng ◽  
Luke K. Fryer ◽  
Yue Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Distributed Leadership ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Student Experience ◽  
Teaching Quality ◽  
University Student ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
Distributed Approach ◽  
The Usa

Higher education’s rapid expansion is paired with growing social expectations of its benefits and concern on its teaching quality. In response to these, institutional/national surveys based on an array of theories are widely used in universities for quality assurance, enhancement, and benchmarking. This paper reviews three major types of instruments used for such purposes, including two distinct schools of theory that have guided the development of such assessment in the USA, Australia, UK and then spread to the other parts of the world. The theories shaping the development of the two instruments, the dimensions assessed, and the challenges and criticisms involved when using such instruments for quality assurance are each discussed. This review concludes with a call for comparisons of different lines of research in this area, discussions on student learning experience that include more diverse characterizations of student experience across different educational contexts, development of tools to enable distributed leadership among teachers, and encouragement of students as partners for quality enhancement in higher education.

scholarly journals The ‘transportation disadvantaged’: Urban form, gender and automobile versus non-automobile travel in the Detroit region

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 2470-2498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieun Lee ◽  
Igor Vojnovic ◽  
Sue C Grady
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged ◽  
Socially Disadvantaged ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods

Urban decentralisation in the USA during the past five decades has created an automobile-dependent landscape characterised by low-densities, largely single-use zoning and disconnected street networks. Longer distances between dispersing destinations, resulting from urban decentralisation, negatively affects the mobility of socially disadvantaged groups, including women, minorities and lower-income populations. Furthermore, the urban poor and minorities in communities experiencing severe disinvestment and decline, as evident in Detroit, suffer from greater transportation burdens in accessing basic necessities, such as employment and shopping. This study explores gendered travel patterns in six neighbourhoods within the Detroit region, including neighbourhoods experiencing severe disinvestment and decline. This analysis into the gendered dimensions of travel, with a particular focus placed on women, involves a full array of trips, including work and non-work. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis and ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) were used to further examine gender differences by childcare responsibility in an extensive array of disaggregated travel, including trips to work, shopping and personal services, restaurant visits and leisure destinations. This study reconfirms that the traditional gender role is reflected in women’s daily travel. It also reveals the burdens of travel placed on women living in racially segregated and socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods experiencing extreme disinvestment and decline. In addition, the research shows the importance of class and race in shaping travel behaviour.

US-led Alliances and Contemporary International Security Disorder: Comparative Responses of the Transatlantic and Asia-Pacific Alliance Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-298
Author(s):  
Mason Richey
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
International Order ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Path Dependent

US-led security architectures in the Asia-Pacific and Europe are experiencing pressure due to ongoing geostrategic transformation in these regions, most notably the rapid expansion of China’s power, North Korea’s nuclear brinkmanship and Russia’s renewed aggressive adventurism. These readjustments have often been examined through the prism of changing balance of power between the US-led liberal international forces and revisionist powers aiming to alter the international order. Going beyond this analysis in the literature, this article sheds lights on the ways in which the USA has attempted and is attempting to reshape US-led alliances in the Asia-Pacific and Europe. The article finds that the US-led alliance systems and security partnerships will continue to evolve divergently due both to their different path-dependent identities and the different types of challenges they face regionally.

scholarly journals The social mission of Australian medical schools in a time of expansion

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 424 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. G. Biggs ◽  
Robert W. Wells
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Clinical Training ◽  
Indigenous Health ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Rural Practice ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Indigenous Students ◽  
Social Mission ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Usa

The social mission, or accepted social responsibility of Australian medical schools, was assessed at a time of rapid expansion and resulting pressure on staff and facilities. Nine new schools have been established in 2005–10 and there has been particular concern about adequacy of clinical training places. Discussions with most of the deans revealed their strong social commitments. We consider two of these in depth – raising the status and thus the involvement of students in general and especially rural practice; and increasing the numbers of Indigenous students and the knowledge of Indigenous health and culture among all students. We examine a system by which medical schools in the USA have been ranked for social mission achievements and suggest this approach might be used in Australia to measure the response of medical schools to Government initiatives and policies. What is known about this topic? The rapid expansion of medical schools and student numbers has given rise to much concern. Encouragement of training for general practice is well described. Many medical schools have worked to increase intake of Indigenous students. Data on medical graduates are being gathered. What does this paper add? The social mission and responsibility of medical schools is new to Australia; information was obtained by interview of medical deans and review of the international literature. Matters of special note are rural healthcare, developments in general practice and expansion of support for Indigenous students. Recent studies of graduate output in the USA are considered. What are the implications for practitioners? Expansion of medical student numbers has brought increased demand for general practitioner involvement in training of students and graduates, which affects practice resources. The need for workforce planning to match training paths and places with future national needs means medical schools have new responsibilities for career guidance of students.

scholarly journals USA Wind Energy-Caused Bat Fatalities Increase with Shorter Fatality Search Intervals

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
K. Shawn Smallwood
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
National Level ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Installed Capacity ◽  
Tower Height ◽  
Project Level ◽  
Search Interval

Wind turbine collision fatalities of bats have likely increased with the rapid expansion of installed wind energy capacity in the USA since the last national-level fatality estimates were generated in 2012. An assumed linear increase of fatalities with installed capacity would expand my estimate of bat fatalities across the USA from 0.89 million in 2012 to 1.11 million in 2014 and to 1.72 million in 2019. However, this assumed linear relationship could have been invalidated by shifts in turbine size, tower height, fatality search interval during monitoring, and regional variation in bat fatalities. I tested for effects of these factors in fatality monitoring reports through 2014. I found no significant relationship between bat fatality rates and wind turbine size. Bat fatality rates increased with increasing tower height, but this increase mirrored the increase in fatality rates with shortened fatality search intervals that accompanied the increase in tower heights. Regional weighting of mean project-level bat fatalities increased the national-level estimate 17% to 1.3 (95% CI: 0.15–3.0) million. After I restricted the estimate’s basis to project-level fatality rates that were estimated from fatality search intervals <10 days, my estimate increased by another 71% to 2.22 (95% CI: 1.77–2.72) million bat fatalities in the USA’s lower 48 states in 2014. Project-level fatality estimates based on search intervals <10 days were, on average, eight times higher than estimates based on longer search intervals. Shorter search intervals detected more small-bodied species, which contributed to a larger all-bat fatality estimate.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of menthol sales restrictions and retailer density reduction policies: insights from tobacco town Minnesota

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-054986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd B Combs ◽  
Virginia R McKay ◽  
Joseph Ornstein ◽  
Margaret Mahoney ◽  
Kerry Cork ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Retail Environment ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Menthol Cigarette ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Priority Populations ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionTobacco control policies focused on the retail environment have the potential to reduce tobacco use and tobacco-related health disparities through increasing direct and indirect costs. Recently, national and subnational governments have begun to restrict the sale of menthol products and reduce tobacco retailer density.MethodsWe developed an agent-based model to project the impact of menthol cigarette sales restrictions and retailer density reduction policies for six types of communities and three priority populations. During each simulated day, agents smoke cigarettes, travel in the community and make purchase decisions—whether, where and which product type to purchase—based on a combination of their own properties and the current retail environment.ResultsOf the policies tested, restricting all cigarette sales or menthol cigarette sales to tobacco specialty shops may have the largest effect on the total (direct and indirect) costs of purchasing cigarettes. Coupling one of these policies with one that establishes a minimum distance between tobacco retailers may enhance the impact. Combining these policies could also make the costs of acquiring cigarettes more equal across communities and populations.DiscussionOur simulations revealed the importance of context, for example, lower income communities in urban areas begin with higher retailer density and may need stronger policies to show impact, as well as the need to focus on differential effects for priority populations, for example, combinations of policies may equalise the average distance travelled to purchase. Adapting and combining policies could enhance the sustainability of policy effects and reduce tobacco use.

Hedonic analysis of US fresh produce prices at direct-to-consumer sales outlets versus competing retailers

2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. 1665-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve W. Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Direct Marketing ◽  
Grocery Store ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Price Differences

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare prices for fresh tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, and apples at direct-to-consumer sales outlets (e.g. farmers markets, roadside stands, on-farm stores) in the USA to grocery stores and supercenters, while controlling for other attributes. Design/methodology/approach – The author estimates a hedonic regression model to determine price differences at direct sales outlets, grocery stores, and supercenters in various regions and seasons of the year. The analysis is conducted using 2006 Nielsen Homescan data. Other product and market attributes are also considered, along with characteristics of the household sample. Findings – Prices at direct sales outlets are lower than grocery store prices throughout the year and across the USA. Prices at direct sales outlets for some product/location/season combinations were higher than or comparable to supercenter prices. Research limitations/implications – Future research is needed to examine how price differences may vary across the various types of direct marketing outlets. Originality/value – Few studies have examined price differences between direct sales outlets and conventional retail stores. No studies have used nationally representative data to analyze these price differences across produce type, season, and geographic areas.

scholarly journals Elucidation of global and local epidemiology of Salmonella Enteritidis through multilevel genome typing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Luo ◽  
Michael Payne ◽  
Sandeep Kaur ◽  
Dalong Hu ◽  
Liam Cheney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Genomic Epidemiology ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Genome Typing

AbstractSalmonella Enteritidis is a major foodborne pathogen that causes both local and international outbreaks with complex transmission pathways. Invasive infections which are associated with multidrug resistance are an increasing concern around the globe. However, the global epidemiological picture of S. Enteritidis remains unclear due to the lack of a fine scale typing scheme based on genomic sequencing data. Here, using the novel multilevel genome typing (MGT) approach, we have characterised the genomic epidemiology of S. Enteritidis in unpreceded detail. We examined 26,670 publicly available S. Enteritidis whole genome sequences from 86 countries over 101 years to reveal their spatial and temporal distributions. Using MGT4 and MGT5, we identified globally prevalent and regionally restricted STs. Source associated STs were identified, such as poultry associated MGT4-STs, which were common in human cases in the USA. Temporal trends were observed in the UK with MGT5-STs from 2014 to 2018, revealing both long lived endemic STs and the rapid expansion of new STs. Using MGT3 to MGT6, we identified MDR associated STs to facilitate tracking MDR spread. The majority of the global S. Enteritidis population fell within two predominant lineages with significant differences in geographic distribution, outbreak frequency, antimicrobial resistance and mutation rate. An online open MGT database has been established for unified international surveillance of S. Enteritidis. We demonstrated that MGT provides a flexible and high-resolution genome typing tool for S. Enteritidis surveillance and outbreak detection.

Racial inequity in fatal US police shootings, 2015–2020

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-215097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elle Lett ◽  
Emmanuella Ngozi Asabor ◽  
Theodore Corbin ◽  
Dowin Boatright
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Washington Post ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Mortality Burden ◽  
The Us ◽  
Police Shootings ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Racial Ethnic

IntroductionViolent encounters with police represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA, especially among Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC). This study characterises trends in fatal police shootings overall and by armed status and quantifies inequities in mortality burden and years of life lost (YLL) across racial/ethnic groups.MethodsLongitudinal study of Washington Post data on fatal police shootings in the USA using generalised linear-mixed models to capture trends with time and relative rates.ResultsThis study shows that the rate of fatal police shootings for Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC) is constant from 2015 to 2020. Further, BIPOC have significantly higher death rates compared with Whites in the overall victim pool (Native American RR=3.06, Black RR=2.62, Hispanic RR=1.29) and among unarmed victims (Black RR=3.18, Hispanic RR=1.45). Native American (RR=3.95), Black (overall RR=3.29, unarmed RR=3.49) and Hispanic (RR=1.55, unarmed RR=1.55), victims had similarly high rates of YLL relative to Whites.ConclusionFatal police shootings are a public health emergency that contribute to poor health for BIPOC. Urgent attention from health professionals is needed to help drive policy efforts that reduce this unjust burden and move us towards achieving health equity in the US.

Differences in price of flavoured and non-flavoured tobacco products sold in the USA, 2011–2016

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055111
Author(s):  
Israel T Agaku ◽  
Satomi Odani ◽  
Brian Armour ◽  
Margaret Mahoney ◽  
Bridgette E Garrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Scanner Data ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Cigarette Pack ◽  
Moist Snuff ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Price Trends ◽  
Differential Pricing

BackgroundLimited data exist on whether there is differential pricing of flavoured and non-flavoured varieties of the same product type. We assessed price of tobacco products by flavour type.MethodsRetail scanner data from Nielsen were obtained for October 2011 to January 2016. Universal product codes were used to classify tobacco product (cigarettes, roll-your-own cigarettes (RYO), little cigars and moist snuff) flavours as: menthol, flavoured or non-flavoured. Prices were standardised to a cigarette pack (20 cigarette sticks) or cigarette pack equivalent (CPE). Average prices during 2015 were calculated overall and by flavour designation. Joinpoint regression and average monthly percentage change were used to assess trends.ResultsDuring October 2011 to January 2016, price trends increased for menthol (the only flavour allowed in cigarettes) and non-flavoured cigarettes; decreased for menthol, flavoured and non-flavoured RYO; increased for flavoured little cigars, but decreased for non-flavoured and menthol little cigars; and increased for menthol and non-flavoured moist snuff, but decreased for flavoured moist snuff. In 2015, average national prices were US$5.52 and US$5.47 for menthol and non-flavoured cigarettes; US$1.89, US$2.51 and US$4.77 for menthol, non-flavoured and flavoured little cigars; US$1.49, US$1.64 and US$1.78 per CPE for menthol, non-flavoured and flavoured moist snuff; and US$0.93, US$1.03 and $1.64 per CPE flavoured, menthol and non-flavoured RYO, respectively.ConclusionTrends in the price of tobacco products varied across products and flavour types. Menthol little cigars, moist snuff and RYO were less expensive than non-flavoured varieties. Efforts to make flavoured tobacco products less accessible and less affordable could help reduce tobacco product use.

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