Racial inequity in fatal US police shootings, 2015–2020

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-215097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elle Lett ◽  
Emmanuella Ngozi Asabor ◽  
Theodore Corbin ◽  
Dowin Boatright
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Washington Post ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Mortality Burden ◽  
The Us ◽  
Police Shootings ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Racial Ethnic

IntroductionViolent encounters with police represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA, especially among Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC). This study characterises trends in fatal police shootings overall and by armed status and quantifies inequities in mortality burden and years of life lost (YLL) across racial/ethnic groups.MethodsLongitudinal study of Washington Post data on fatal police shootings in the USA using generalised linear-mixed models to capture trends with time and relative rates.ResultsThis study shows that the rate of fatal police shootings for Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC) is constant from 2015 to 2020. Further, BIPOC have significantly higher death rates compared with Whites in the overall victim pool (Native American RR=3.06, Black RR=2.62, Hispanic RR=1.29) and among unarmed victims (Black RR=3.18, Hispanic RR=1.45). Native American (RR=3.95), Black (overall RR=3.29, unarmed RR=3.49) and Hispanic (RR=1.55, unarmed RR=1.55), victims had similarly high rates of YLL relative to Whites.ConclusionFatal police shootings are a public health emergency that contribute to poor health for BIPOC. Urgent attention from health professionals is needed to help drive policy efforts that reduce this unjust burden and move us towards achieving health equity in the US.

scholarly journals Peculiarities Of Cultural Interaction In Education: The US Experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
Olga Baybakova ◽  
Larysa Sidun
Keyword(s):  
Multicultural Education ◽  
Multicultural Society ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Social Components ◽  
Racial Ethnic

AbstractArticle deals with the problem of multicultural education. Ukraine, being a multicultural society, requires a new conception of the world, aimed at integrating cultures and nations, their further convergence as well as cultural enrichment. In this context the experience of many foreign countries, especially the USA, is very interesting. This country differs from average multicultural nations in a range of peculiarities, one of which is the fact that cultural interaction was not within an individual ethnos, but within immigrants–descendants of different countries, representatives of various cultures. It is underlined that the USA is the country that underwent durable trials in search for the most optimum ways to provide cultural interaction. The most modern response to the cultural diversity at the end of the 20th century in the USA became the policy of multiculturalism. Multiculturalism is considered to be a democratic policy of solving the problem of cultural and social diversity in the society, which includes educational, linguistic, economic and social components and has specific mechanisms of embodiment.The interpretation of multicultural education is proposed as that one, which facilitates the formation in a person of the readiness for activities in a modern socio-cultural environment, preservation of personal identity, aspiration for respect and understanding of other cultural and ethnical communities, the ability to live in peace and harmony with representatives of various racial, ethnic, cultural, religious groups.

scholarly journals How much of the future mortality toll of smoking can be avoided?

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E Warner ◽  
David Mendez
Keyword(s):  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Initiation Rate ◽  
Mortality Burden ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Usa

ObjectiveTo determine how much future smoking-related mortality in the USA can be prevented, recognising that some of that future mortality results from past smoking.MethodsEmploying a dynamic population simulation model, we estimate smoking’s expected mortality burden in the USA, measured as life-years lost (LYL), in a status-quo scenario run from 2018 through 2100. We then estimate LYL attributable to past smoking assuming that all smoking ceases at the end of 2017. We calculate the potential avoidable LYL, which we call the maximum potential reduction in premature mortality (MPRPM), as the difference between the two. We use data from the US Census Bureau, National Vital Statistics Reports, the National Health Interview Survey and Cancer Prevention Study II.ResultsUnder status-quo assumptions, smoking will claim 305 million LYL in the US from 2018 to 2100. If all smoking ceased at the end of 2017, past smoking would be responsible for 191.8 million LYL. Thus, avoidable LYL by 2100—the MPRPM—would be 113.2 million, 37% of the expected toll of smoking. A sensitivity analysis finds that were the annual smoking initiation rate 3% instead of 7.8%, the MPRPM would be 13-14% lower. Were the annual permanent smoking cessation rate twice our status-quo estimate of 4.35%, the MPRPM would be 38-39% lower.ConclusionsPublic health can address only the future toll of future smoking. Smoking’s MPRPM is the reduction in the mortality burden of smoking that tobacco control can strive to achieve.

The incidence of hepatitis E virus infection in the general population of the USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (8) ◽  
pp. 1145-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. FARAMAWI ◽  
E. JOHNSON ◽  
S. CHEN ◽  
P. R. PANNALA
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Hispanic White

SUMMARYHepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is as an emerging disease of global importance because it is one of the major causes of acute hepatitis worldwide. There are few reports on the incidence of HEV in the USA. For better assessing the burden of primary HEV infection as well as understanding the epidemiology of HEV in the US population this analysis was conducted to estimate the force of infection of HEV in the USA. HEV force of infection in the general US population was calculated using catalytic models as cumulative markers of past infection from HEV seroprevalence data from the NHANES Survey. In the US population the force of infection was seven infections per 1000 susceptible persons per year. This study shows that in the USA HEV can be acquired locally and from developing countries. HEV is circulating more frequently in the non-Hispanic White racial/ethnic group and those who consume fish more frequently.

scholarly journals Population structure and pharmacogenomic risk stratification in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashwat Deepali Nagar ◽  
Andrew B. Conley ◽  
I. King Jordan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native American ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
White Population ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

AbstractPharmacogenomic (PGx) variants mediate how individuals respond to medication, and response differences among racial/ethnic groups have been attributed to patterns of PGx diversity. We hypothesized that genetic ancestry (GA) would provide higher resolution for stratifying PGx risk, since it serves as a more reliable surrogate for genetic diversity than self-identified race/ethnicity (SIRE), which includes a substantial social component. We analyzed a cohort of 8,628 individuals from the United States (US), for whom we had both SIRE information and whole genome genotypes, with a focus on the three largest SIRE groups in the US: White, Black, and Hispanic. Whole genome genotypes were used to characterize individuals’ continental ancestry fractions – European, African, and Native American – and individuals were grouped according to their GA profiles. SIRE and GA groups were found to be highly concordant. Continental ancestry predicts individuals’ SIRE with >96% accuracy, and accordingly GA provides only a marginal increase in resolution for PGx risk stratification. PGx variants are highly diverged compared to the genomic background; 82 variants show significant frequency differences among SIRE groups, and genome-wide patterns of PGx variation are almost entirely concordant with SIRE. Nevertheless, 97% of PGx variation is found within rather than between groups. Examples of highly differentiated PGx variants illustrate how SIRE partitions PGx variation based on group-specific ancestry patterns and contains valuable information for risk stratification. Finally, we show that individuals who identify as Black or Hispanic benefit more when SIRE is considered for treatment decisions than individuals from the majority White population.

scholarly journals Benchmarking COVID-19 Mortality in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Etzioni ◽  
Elan Markowitz ◽  
Ivor S. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
Hispanic Populations ◽  
Racial Ethnic

AbstractOn September 22nd the US officially recorded 200,000 COVID-19 deaths. It is unclear how many deaths might have been expected in the case of an early and effective response to the pandemic. We aim to provide a best-case estimate of COVID-19 deaths in the US by September 22nd using the experience of Germany as a benchmark. Our methods accommodate the differences in demographics between Germany and the US. We match cumulative incidence of COVID-19 deaths by age group in Germany to non-Hispanic whites in the US and project the implied number of deaths in this population and among the black and Hispanic populations under observed racial/ethnic disparities in cumulative COVID-19 mortality in the US. We estimate that if the US had been as successful as Germany in managing the pandemic we would have expected 22% of the deaths actually recorded. The number of deaths would have been lower by a further one-third if we could have eliminated racial/ethnic disparites in COVID-19 outcomes. We conclude that almost 80 percent of the COVID-19 deaths in the US by September 22nd could have been avoided with an early and effective response producing similar age-specific death rates among non-Hispanic whites as in Germany.

scholarly journals The use of lethal force by police in USA: Mortality metrics of race and disintegration (2015-2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4(S)) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
John Paull
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Killing Rate ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lethal Force ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
American Society

Policing in the USA is dangerous for the US public. The objective of the present study is to determine the gross deaths due to lethal force by police and the racial distribution of those deaths compared to the racial distribution of the US population. Longitudinal data reveal that police in the USA kill one thousand people per year (n=1004 in 2019). Deaths by year and race are presented for the years 2015 through 2019. The racial distribution of victims of US police lethal force is not proportionate to the racial distribution of the US population. Whites account for the largest racial group of deaths, but are under-represented, accounting for 45% of police killings (and 60% of the population). Blacks are over-represented, accounting for 24% of police killings (and 13% of the population). Hispanics are proportionately represented, accounting for 17% of police killings (and 18% of the population). Others (including Asian, Native American, and others) are under-represented, accounting for 4% of police killings (and 8% of the population). The rate of US police killings has been relatively stable for the past five years (with a low of 962 deaths in 2016 and a high of 1,004 deaths in 2019). The US police killing rate in The USA is 3.05 police killings per million of population. The US police killing rate of Blacks is 5.34 per million of Hispanics is 2.63 per million, of Whites is 1.87 per million, and of others is 1.5 per million of population. The US police killing rate of Blacks is 2.86 times the US police killing rate of Whites. US police killing rates compare unfavorably with other jurisdictions. The police fatal shooting rate in Australia is 0.17% per million of population, one eighteenth of the police killing rate in the USA (an Australian rate of police killings applied to the US population would produce 56 US police killings per year). The reasons for the high rate of police killings in the USA and for the racial disparities of those killings are multifactorial. The valorization of violence and the glamorization of guns are woven tightly into the history and culture of the USA. The metrics of US police killings are a symptom of larger issues within American society. Treating one symptom will not remedy the malady blighting the organism. Is it time for an American societal and rethink of its relationship with violence, in the light of these metrics of disintegration? Is Violent America fixable? Only time will tell

Marginalization and health: children's asthma on the Texas‐Mexico border

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (5/6) ◽  
pp. 287-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara E. Grineski
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
The State ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Social Predictors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Us Mexico Border

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate children's vulnerability to asthma and its relationship with marginalized locations. More specifically, the effects of zip code level social predictors on children's asthma and their conditionality on location in the Texas‐Mexico border region are explored. The border region is perhaps the most marginalized in the USA.Design/methodology/approachData for analysis comes from the State of Texas and the US Bureau of the Census. Negative binomial regression models are used to predict asthma hospitalizations using a set of social predictors. Then, interaction effects are used to test if social predictors are conditional on border location.FindingsWithin the state of Texas, location in a metropolitan area, location along the US‐Mexico border, percent Hispanic, percent African American and percent Native American are positive and significant predictors of asthma hospitalizations; social class is negative and significant. The effects of proportion of Hispanics who were foreign born, median year of home construction, and percent of homes with inadequate heating are conditional on a zip code's location relative to the US‐Mexico border, with the slopes being steeper in border locations. Findings in general suggest that locational and social factors intersect in marginalized places (i.e. border regions of Texas) to create vulnerability to asthma hospitalizations.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is conducted solely in the USA.Originality/valueAs sociologists continue to consider space as a factor in health inequalities, this paper demonstrates the utility of considering space as operating at more than one scale.

Criminal Justice in Indian Country: A Theoretical and Empirical Agenda

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-357
Author(s):  
Jeffery T. Ulmer ◽  
Mindy S. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
American Experience ◽  
Institutional Power ◽  
Indian Country ◽  
The Us ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Examinations of the Native American experience in the US criminal justice system are still relatively sparse, despite earlier calls for increased attention to Native American crime and justice issues. This is unfortunate, as Native Americans are unique among all groups in US society and face distinctive criminal justice jurisdictional complexities. We argue that this uniqueness renders extant racial/ethnic theoretical framings incomplete for understanding the Native American experience with criminal justice in the United States. First, we describe the complexities of criminal jurisdiction in Indian Country, discuss how internal colonialism shapes the Native American experience, and outline a set of directions for research to illuminate such jurisdictional complexities. Second, we discuss general theoretical frameworks and their strengths and limitations in explaining the Native American experience. We argue for a focus on the interlocking institutional power that shapes tribal, state, and federal justice coupling. We present an agenda for research on the consequences of contemporary criminal justice arrangements for individual Native Americans and for Native American communities collectively.

scholarly journals Excess mortality in the United States in the 21st century

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (16) ◽  
pp. e2024850118
Author(s):  
Samuel H. Preston ◽  
Yana C. Vierboom
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
The Us ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Excess Deaths

We use three indexes to identify how age-specific mortality rates in the United States compare to those in a composite of five large European countries since 2000. First, we examine the ratio of age-specific death rates in the United States to those in Europe. These show a sharp deterioration in the US position since 2000. Applying European age-specific death rates in 2017 to the US population, we then show that adverse mortality conditions in the United States resulted in 400,700 excess deaths that year. Finally, we show that these excess deaths entailed a loss of 13.0 My of life. In 2017, excess deaths and years of life lost in the United States represent a larger annual loss of life than that associated with the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020.

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