Natural scrapie in goats: case histories and clinical signs

1992 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wood ◽  
S. Done ◽  
G. Pritchard ◽  
M. Wooldridge
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Natural Scrapie

scholarly journals Prion diseases are efficiently transmitted by blood transfusion in sheep

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (12) ◽  
pp. 4739-4745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Houston ◽  
Sandra McCutcheon ◽  
Wilfred Goldmann ◽  
Angela Chong ◽  
James Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
High Transmission ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
Natural Scrapie ◽  
Iatrogenic Transmission

Abstract The emergence of variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, following on from the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic, led to concerns about the potential risk of iatrogenic transmission of disease by blood transfusion and the introduction of costly control measures to protect blood supplies. We previously reported preliminary data demonstrating the transmission of BSE and natural scrapie by blood transfusion in sheep. The final results of this experiment, reported here, give unexpectedly high transmission rates by transfusion of 36% for BSE and 43% for scrapie. A proportion of BSE-infected tranfusion recipients (3 of 8) survived for up to 7 years without showing clinical signs of disease. The majority of transmissions resulted from blood collected from donors at more than 50% of the estimated incubation period. The high transmission rates and relatively short and consistent incubation periods in clinically positive recipients suggest that infectivity titers in blood were substantial and/or that blood transfusion is an efficient method of transmission. This experiment has established the value of using sheep as a model for studying transmission of variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease by blood products in humans.

Clinical signs, histopathology and genetics of experimental transmission of BSE and natural scrapie to sheep and goats

2001 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Foster ◽  
D. Parnham ◽  
A. Chong ◽  
W. Goldmann ◽  
N. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Experimental Transmission ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Natural Scrapie

Mapping PrPSc Propagation in Experimental and Natural Scrapie in Sheep with Different PrP Genotypes

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ersdal ◽  
M. J. Ulvund ◽  
A. Espenes ◽  
S. L. Benestad ◽  
P. Sarradin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Natural Scrapie ◽  
Supportive Cells

Twenty-one orally inoculated and seven naturally infected sheep with scrapie were examined for PrPSc in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system (CNS), using immunohistochemistry. In the inoculated group, VRQ (valine at codon 136, arginine at codon 154 and glutamine at codon 171)/VRQ sheep generally had a greater accumulation of the pathologic form of prion protein (PrPSc) in peripheral tissues, as compared with VRQ/ARQ (alanine at codon 136, arginine at codon 154, and glutamine at codon 171) animals at corresponding time points after inoculation. PrPSc was not detected in the ileal Peyer's patch, the spleen, the superficial cervical lymph node, and peripheral nervous tissues of several inoculated VRQ/ARQ animals. All inoculated VRQ/VRQ sheep, but only one of eight inoculated VRQ/ARQ animals, were PrPSc-positive in the CNS. Thus, the propagation of PrPSc seemed slower and more limited in VRQ/ARQ animals. Tissue and cellular localization of PrPSc suggested that PrPSc was disseminated through three different routes. PrPSc-positive cells in lymph node sinuses and in lymphatics indicated spreading by lymph. The sequential appearance of PrPSc in the peripheral nervous system and the CNS, with satellite cells as early targets, suggested the periaxonal transportation of PrPSc through supportive cells. Focal areas of vascular amyloid-like PrPSc in the brain of five sheep, suggested the hematogenous dissemination of PrPSc. There was a poor correlation between the amount of PrPSc in the CNS and clinical signs. One subclinically affected sheep showed widespread PrPSc accumulation in the CNS, whereas three sheep had early clinical signs without detectable PrPSc in the CNS. A VV136 (homozygous for valine at codon 136) sheep inoculated with ARQ/ARR (alanine at codon 136, arginine at codon 154, and arginine at codon 171) tissue succumbed to disease, demonstrating successful heterologous transmission. Less susceptible sheep receiving VRQ/VRQ or ARQ/ARR material were PrPSc-negative by immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blot.

scholarly journals CLINICAL MASKS OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA IN CHILDREN

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
N.I. Makieieva ◽  
O.O. Afanasieva ◽  
V.A. Koval
Keyword(s):  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Leukemia In Children

CLINICAL MASKS OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA IN CHILDRENMakieieva N.I., Afanasieva O.O., Koval V.A.For the study of initial clinical signs of acute leukemia in children 92 case histories have been analyzed. In most children the disease manifested with intoxication (94.6 ± 2,3%), lymphadenopathy (84,8±4,7%), hepatosplenomegaly (96,7±2,3%), anemic (82,6±4,9%), haemorrhagic (77,2±5,4%) syndromes. However, only in half of the cases the correct diagnosis was established in period less than 2-3 weeks since the first symptoms appeared. Consequently, it is necessary to pay attention of general practitioners to the variety of non-specific initial symptoms of acute leukemia in children.Keywords: acute leukemia, children, diagnostics, clinical symptoms КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ МАСКИ ОСТРОГО ЛЕЙКОЗА У ДЕТЕЙМакеева Н.И., Афанасьева О.А., Коваль В.А.Для изучения начальных клинических признаков острого лейкоза у детей были проанализировано 92 истории болезни. В большинстве случаев заболевание начиналось с интоксикации (94,6 ± 2,3%), лимфаденопатии (84,8 ± 4,7%), гепатоспленомегалии (96,7±2,3%), анемического (82,6 ± 4,9) и геморрагического (77,2 ± 5,4) синдромов. Тем не менее, только в половине случаев правильный диагноз был установлен в период менее чем за 2-3 недели с момента появления первых симптомов. Следовательно, необходимо обратить внимание врачей общей практики на различные неспецифические начальные симптомы острого лейкоза у детей.Ключевые слова: острый лейкоз, дети, диагностика, клинические симптомы. КЛІНІЧНІ МАСКИ ГОСТРОЇ ЛЕЙКЕМІЇ У ДІТЕЙМакєєва Н.І., Афанасьєва О.О., Коваль В.А.Для вивчення початкових клінічних ознак гострої лейкемії у дітей було проаналізовано 92 історії хвороби. У більшості випадків захворювання починалося з інтоксикації (94,6 ± 2,3%), лімфаденопатії (84,8 ± 4,7%), гепатоспленомегалії (96,7 ± 2,3%), анемічного (82,6 ± 4, 9) та геморагічного (77,2 ± 5,4) синдромів. Проте, тільки в половині випадків правильний діагноз був встановлений в період менш ніж за 2-3 тижні з моменту появи перших симптомів. Отже, необхідно звернути увагу лікарів загальної практики на різні неспецифічні початкові симптоми гострої лейкемії у дітей. Ключові слова: гостра лейкемія, діти, діагностика, клінічні симптоми 

scholarly journals Population dynamics of scrapie in a sheep flock

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1384) ◽  
pp. 751-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. J. Woolhouse ◽  
L. Matthews ◽  
P. Coen ◽  
S. M. Stringer ◽  
J. D. Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Sheep Flock ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Environmental Reservoir ◽  
Natural Scrapie ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Parameter Values

A detailed analysis of an outbreak of natural scrapie in a flock of Cheviot sheep is described. A total of 137 cases was reported over 13 years among 1307 sheep born into the flock. The epidemiology of scrapie can only be understood with reference to sheep demography, the population genetics of susceptibility to scrapie, pathogenesis during a long incubation period, and the rate of transmission (by both vertical and horizontal routes), all of which interact in complex ways. A mathematical model incorporating these features is described, parameter values and model inputs are derived from available information from the flock and from independent sources, and model outputs are compared with the field data. The model is able to reproduce key features of the outbreak, including its long duration and the ages of cases. The analysis supports earlier work suggesting that many infected sheep do not survive to show clinical signs, that most cases arise through horizontal tranmission, and that there is strong selection against susceptible genotypes. However, important aspects of scrapie epidemiology remain poorly understood, including the possible role of carrier genotypes and of an environmental reservoir of infectivity, and the mechanisms maintaining alleles giving susceptibility to scrapie in the sheep population.

A rapid method for the direct identification of paramyxovirus in canine CSF by ultracentrifugation and negative staining as a rule out for distemper

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-595
Author(s):  
W.L. Steffens ◽  
M.B. Ard ◽  
C.E. Greene ◽  
A. Jaggy
Keyword(s):  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
Rule Out

Canine distemper is a multisystemic contagious viral disease having a worldwide distribution, a high mortality rate, and significant central neurologic system (CNS) complications. In its systemic manifestations, it is often presumptively diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and history. Few definitive antemortem diagnostic tests exist, and most are limited to the detection of viral antigen by immunofluorescence techniques on tissues or cytologic specimens or high immunoglobulin levels in CSF (cerebrospinal fluid). Diagnosis of CNS distemper is often unreliable due to the relatively low cell count in CSF (<50 cells/μl) and the binding of blocking immunoglobulins in CSF to cell surfaces. A more reliable and definitive test might be possible utilizing direct morphologic detection of the etiologic agent. Distemper is the canine equivalent of human measles, in that both involve a closely related member of the Paramyxoviridae, both produce mucosal inflammation, and may produce CNS complications. In humans, diagnosis of measles-induced subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is through negative stain identification of whole or incomplete viral particles in patient CSF.

Hormone Replacement Therapy and Voice

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-614
Author(s):  
Jean Abitbol
Keyword(s):  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Female Voice ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
High Pitch ◽  
Endocrine Effects ◽  
The Voice

The purpose of this article is to update the management of the treatment of the female voice at perimenopause and menopause. Voice and hormones—these are 2 words that clash, meet, and harmonize. If we are to solve this inquiry, we shall inevitably have to understand the hormones, their impact, and the scars of time. The endocrine effects on laryngeal structures are numerous: The actions of estrogens and progesterone produce modification of glandular secretions. Low dose of androgens are secreted principally by the adrenal cortex, but they are also secreted by the ovaries. Their effect may increase the low pitch and decease the high pitch of the voice at menopause due to important diminution of estrogens and the privation of progesterone. The menopausal voice syndrome presents clinical signs, which we will describe. I consider menopausal patients to fit into 2 broad types: the “Modigliani” types, rather thin and slender with little adipose tissue, and the “Rubens” types, with a rounded figure with more fat cells. Androgen derivatives are transformed to estrogens in fat cells. Hormonal replacement therapy should be carefully considered in the context of premenopausal symptom severity as alternative medicine. Hippocrates: “Your diet is your first medicine.”

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