Cold-season patterns of reserve and soluble carbohydrates in sugar maple and ice-damaged trees of two age classes following drought

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Wong ◽  
K. L. Baggett ◽  
A. H. Rye
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Wood Tissue ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate ◽  
Freeze Protection

This study examines the effects of summer drought on the composition and profiles of cold-season reserve and soluble carbohydrates in sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees (50–100 years old or ∼200 years old) in which the crowns were nondamaged or damaged by the 1998 ice storm. The overall cold season reserve carbohydrate profiles in twig wood tissue of drought-stressed (DS) trees and non-drought-stressed (NDS) trees were generally similar, although differences were observed in the amount of reserve carbohydrates in DS and NDS trees. The cold-season level of starch stored in DS trees in early autumn in the wood tissue was about one-third to one-fifth that in NDS trees. The cold season sugar content in the DS trees was significantly greater than can be attributed to degradation of stored starch, only. The level of sucrose in DS trees remained high throughout the winter until termination of dormancy and dehardening. The concentrations of winter glucose and fructose in DS trees attained peak levels at the time of dormancy termination and declined during dehardening. The profiles of glucose and fructose in DS and damaged DS trees were generally different from that of sucrose throughout the leafless phase. In contrast, profiles of glucose and fructose in NDS trees closely paralleled that of sucrose. Elevated levels of sucrose, glucose, and fructose in DS sugar maple trees during the cold season may function as osmoregulators for freeze protection. Low sugar level or lack of increase in sugar level following dehardening in DS trees may suggest limited change in cellular constituents in adapting to low temperatures.

Seasonal patterns of reserve and soluble carbohydrates in mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum)

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 780-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
B L Wong ◽  
K L Baggett ◽  
A H Rye
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees exhibit seasonal patterns of production, accumulation, and utilization of nonstructural carbohydrates that are closely correlated with phenological events and (or) physiological processes. The simultaneous seasonal patterns of both reserve and soluble carbohydrates in the leaves, twigs, branches, and trunks of healthy mature sugar maple trees were characterized. The concentrations of starch and soluble sugars ( sucrose, glucose, fructose, xylose, raffinose, and stachyose) were determined. Starch, the major reserve carbohydrate in sugar maple, is low during the active photosynthetic growth season. Starch is accumulated in the xylem ray tissues in late summer and early fall. During the cold season, there is a close relationship between starch hydrolysis–accumulation and temperature. Soluble sugars increase when starch concentrations decrease during the cold months, and these sugars may play a role in cold tolerance. Patterns of change in the stem tissues are similar to those in the root tissues but with slight differences in the timing.Key words: starch, sucrose, glucose, fructose, raffinose, stachyose.

Carbohydrate reserves in Acer saccharum trees damaged during the January 1998 ice storm in northern New York

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 668-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
B L Wong ◽  
L J Staats ◽  
A S Burfeind ◽  
K L Baggett ◽  
A H Rye
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
High Concentrations

To assess the effect of the ice storm of January 1998 on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) tree health, starch, and soluble sugars in twigs from two damaged sugarbushes (younger: trees 50–100 years old, and older: trees approximately 200 years old) in northern New York were measured throughout the leafless phase (September 1998 – May 1999). Trees severely damaged by the ice storm exhibited signs of recovery during the first growth season (1998), that is, greater numbers of lateral (epicormic) shoots and increased wood production in the current year growth ring of branches at mid-crown, and high concentrations of starch in the twigs at the time of leaf drop. Differences in reserve and soluble sugar profiles between damaged and slightly damaged or undamaged sugar maple trees and between trees of the older sugarbush and those of the younger sugarbush indicate changes in cold season physiology of damaged trees in adapting to or tolerating cold temperature. In damaged trees of the younger and older sugarbushes, the profiles of sucrose, stachyose, raffinose, and xylose were similar to those of corresponding slightly damaged or undamaged trees throughout the cold season, except for late winter sucrose, glucose, and fructose profiles, which exhibited differences in concentration and profile configurations compared with respective slightly damaged or undamaged trees. A lower concentration of sucrose in damaged older tree wood tissue after dehardening in late winter and a lower concentration of "resynthesized" starch just prior to vernal growth were observed. The data indicate that the profiles of individual sugars can provide information on changes in physiological and biochemical processes in damaged trees during the cold season.Key words: starch, sucrose, glucose, fructose, raffinose, stachyose.

Sap yields, sugar content, and soluble carbohydrates of saps and syrups of some Canadian birch and maple species

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. C. Jones ◽  
I. Alli
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Maple Sap

During the spring of 1984 and 1985, white birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh), sweet birch (B. lenta L), and yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis Britt.) were tapped to determine sap yields and syrup characteristics. These properties were compared with sap yields and syrup produced from sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh) and red maple (A. rubrum L). The sap flow seasons were as follows: white birch, 23 days (April 7–29, 1984) and 29 days (April 5 – May 3, 1985); sweet birch, 26 days (1984); yellow birch, 25 days (1985). The sap flow season for the maple species was much earlier than the birch species. Maple sap flow seasons were as follows: sugar maple, 16 days (March 28 – April 12, 1984) and 45 days (March 10 – April 23, 1985); red maple, 44 days (March 11 – April 23, 1985). Sap yields were as follows: white birch, 80.5 L in 1984 (1.0% sap) 51.0 L in 1985 (1.0% sap); sweet birch, 48.0 L in 1984 (0.5% sap); yellow birch, 28.4 L in 1985 (0.5% sap); red maple, 30.6 L in 1985 (2.3% sap); sugar maple, 53.5 L in 1985 (4.5% sap). Sap analyses showed the average total carbohydrate content of all birch saps and all maple saps was 9.2 and 24.5 g/L, respectively. The average sugar contents of the syrups from the birch saps and the maple saps were 302 and 711 g/L, respectively. The average pH of birch and maple saps were similar but the average pH of the syrups obtained from the birch saps was substantially lower than that of the syrups obtained from the maple saps.

Ice storm damage to eastern Ontario forests: 1998–2001

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Hopkin ◽  
Tim Williams ◽  
Robert Sajan ◽  
John Pedlar ◽  
Cathy Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Storm Damage ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Eastern Ontario

Following the 1998 ice storm, tree mortality and crown damage were monitored on permanent plots across eastern Ontario from 1998 until 2001. Conifer species were less damaged than hardwoods. Hardwood tree species showing the greatest crown damage included aspen, (Populus tremuloides), basswood (Tilia americana), and white birch (Betula papyrifera); major species showing the least damage included sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red oak (Quercus rubra) and hickory (Carya spp.). Generally, smaller diameter trees showed less damage than larger diameter trees. Significant mortality was recorded to silver maple (Acer saccharinum), basswood, ash (Fraxinus spp.) and aspen in 1998, although mortality in 2000 and 2001 was about 1–2%. Trees sustaining > 75% crown damage usually died by 2001. Key words: ice storm, ice damage, forest health

Effects of chronic ammonium sulfate treatment on basal area increment in red spruce and sugar maple at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 862-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Alexander Elvir ◽  
G Bruce Wiersma ◽  
Alan S White ◽  
Ivan J Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growth Allocation

Responses in basal area increment (BAI) of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) to chronic ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) treatment were examined at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine. The Bear Brook Watershed is a pair-watershed forest ecosystem study with West Bear watershed treated with (NH4)2SO4 at a rate of 1800 equiv.·ha–1·year–1 since 1989, while East Bear watershed serves as a reference. Following 10 years of treatment, BAI was significantly higher for sugar maple trees growing in the treated watershed, with yearly increases relative to the reference watershed ranging from 13% in 1999 to 104% in 1996. The increase in sugar maple radial growth was attributed to a fertilization effect from the (NH4)2SO4 treatment. A reduction in BAI in sugar maple growing in the treated watershed observed in 1998 and 1999 was attributed to internal stresses and growth allocation to crown recovery after the severe 1998 ice storm. Red spruce showed no BAI growth responses to the treatment. Lower foliar Mg and Ca concentrations in red spruce in the treated watershed and lower soil responses to N enrichment in treated softwood stands compared with treated hardwood stands could explain the lack of BAI response in red spruce.

Ice storm damage: Effects of competition and fertilization on the growth of sugar maple trees

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Lautenschlager ◽  
John H Pedlar ◽  
John A Winters ◽  
Cathy M Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Storm Damage ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Ice Storm Damage

Treatment plots in blocks established in productive sugar maple (Acer saccharum) bushes throughout southeastern Ontario were used to quantify effects of fertilizers, vegetation control and interactions on maple growth following the 1998 ice storm. Treatments were applied during the spring of 1999. Increment cores from six mature sugar maple trees in each plot in each block were extracted and examined during October 2001. Maple growth was highly variable before the storm, but fell to a 30-year low during both the first and second year after the storm. Growth reductions increased with increasing crown damage. Treatment-related statistical differences were marginal; however, the data suggest that phosphorus and potassium additions and competition control improved the growth of ice-damaged mature sugar maple trees. The combination of competition control and fertilization increased growth of ice-damaged maple the most. Key words: Acer saccharum, increment cores, glyphosate, phosphorus, potassium

The effect of ice damage and post-damage fertilization and competition control on understory microclimate of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C Parker
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Competition Control

The influence of ice damage, fertilization, and herbicide treatments on understory microclimate was examined in several sugar maple stands during three growing seasons. Stands with greater initial crown damage and lower leaf area index had higher understory light levels, elevated air temperatures and lower humidity. Ice damage had comparatively less effect on the below-ground environment. Stands with higher damage and lower leaf area index exhibited higher soil temperature and lower soil moisture availability in certain years. The strength and significance of the relationships of canopy features with microclimatic variables diminished over time with canopy recovery and growth of understory vegetation. Fertilization treatment effects on stand microclimate were not apparent, but competition control reduced understory leaf area, increased soil temperature, and had minimal influence on soil moisture status. Key words: canopy, fertilization, ice storm, microclimate, natural disturbance, sugar maple, vegetation management

scholarly journals 1998 ice storm impact on sugar bushes of eastern Ontario

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L Noland
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Storm Damage ◽  
Closure Rate ◽  
Root Starch ◽  
Eastern Ontario ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Ice Storm Damage

In 1998, thirty-four managed sugar bush blocks with 7% to 72% ice-induced crown damage were established in eastern Ontario. All received dolomitic lime (Ca, Mg) and P and K treatments in June 1999. Initial crown damage, fall root starch and sugar levels, sap production and sweetness, sap amino acid concentration, and tap hole closure rate were measured. Syrup production was calculated. Trees with >50% (severe) crown damage had reduced root starch content in 1998 and 2000, but not in 1999. In 2000, root total sugars were lower in trees with >50% crown damage. Sap produced per tap, and sap sweetness were reduced by damage, but not consistently in all years. Sap per tap increased with total crown branches in all three years, but sap sweetness and syrup production only in 1999. Syrup production per tap was consistently reduced in damaged trees in all three years, usually in trees with > 50% damage. The lime and P and K treatments did not significantly affect any of the variables measured. Results suggest that severe ice storm damage to crowns resulted in reduced fall root starch levels and less sap production, and/or sap sweetness, and therefore lowered the syrup producing capacity of sugar maple. Key words: Acer saccharum, ice storm, sap and syrup production, root starch, crown damage

Effects of ice storm canopy gaps on shoot architecture in young sugar maple (Acer saccharum)

Ecoscience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lonnie W. Aarssen ◽  
Andrea E. Francq
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Canopy Gaps ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Shoot Architecture

Differences in the damage caused by glaze ice on codominant Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1157-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Melancon ◽  
Martin J. Lechowicz
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Ice Storms ◽  
Canopy Composition ◽  
Northern Forests ◽  
Reciprocal Replacement

A severe glaze ice storm had greater destructive impact on Fagus grandifolia than on codominant Acer saccharum trees in a mature southern Quebec forest. Both the numbers and total biomass of major branches lost by beech were significantly greater than by sugar maple compared with the contribution of each species to the canopy composition. This greater ice damage to beech suggests that reciprocal replacement processes involving beech and maple seedlings cannot completely account for the maintenance of beech–maple codominance in northern forests subject to relatively frequent ice storms. We hypothesize that the ability of beech to root sprout is important in compensating for its greater susceptibility to ice damage and contributes to the maintenance of beech–maple codominance in northern forests.

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