NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN 38 FRESHWATER CHLAMYDOMONAD ALGAE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1367-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brother Joseph Cain
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Axenic Cultures

Axenic cultures of 38 organisms, half of these available from culture collections of algae and half newly isolated, were investigated for nitrogen utilization. When NaNO3, NaNO2, (NH4)2SO4, and NH4NO3 were used as sole sources of nitrogen in an organic basal medium, it was evident that most of the organisms used NaNO3 and NaNO2 with equal facility. (NH4)2SO4 was utilized to about the same extent as NH4NO3, and both were used with less facility than NaNO3 and NaNO2. Growth in the basal medium with any of nine amino acids as sole nitrogen sources (namely, asparagine, ornithine, aspartic acid, lysine, serine, glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and glutamine) was sufficiently differential to suggest possible taxonomic utility. When study was made of certain nitrogenous bases as sole nitrogen sources, it was found that adenine and uric acid were widely utilized, but cytosine, thymine, and uracil supported little or no growth. Again, when acetamide and succinamide were used as sole sources of nitrogen, and growth was compared with that in media containing glutamine and asparagine, patterns of growth differed from organism to organism. In summary, it can be said that these experiments provide data on growth patterns which may be significant as supplements to strictly morphological attributes of the organisms.

PROTEINASE BIOSYNTHESIS BY STREPTOCOCCUS LIQUEFACIENS: I. THE EFFECT OF CARBON AND NITROGEN SOURCES, pH, AND INHIBITORS

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 747-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Rabin ◽  
Leonard N. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

Some nutritive aspects of proteinase biosynthesis by non-proliferating cells of Streptococcus liquefaciens, strain 31, were investigated by substituting constituents in a basal medium containing casein, lactose, purines, pyrimidines, vitamins, and salts. The casein of the medium could be replaced by a mixture of 12 "essential" amino acids (glutamic acid, histidine, valine, serine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, cystine, lysine, tryptophane, and threonine), thus demonstrating that proteinase synthesis can occur in a medium devoid of protein. Proteinase biosynthesis appeared to depend upon an inordinately high concentration of arginine, required a fermentable carbohydrate, and occurred optimally at pH 6.3. Sodium fluoride and iodoacetate did not inhibit the proteinase activity but radically curbed its synthesis.

EFFECT OF AMMONIUM NITROGEN AND AMINO ACIDS ON PERITHECIAL FORMATION OF VENTURIA INAEQUALIS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. ROSS ◽  
FRANCES D. J. BREMNER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Carbonate ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Racemic Mixture ◽  
Appreciable Change ◽  
The Media

Perithecia of Venturia inaequalis did not form in a basal medium to which was added ammonium sulfate, chloride, phosphate or tartrate as the sole sources of nitrogen, when the pH of the medium was allowed to fall to inhibitory levels. Perithecia formed with these ammonium salts as nitrogen sources when calcium carbonate was added to control the pH. With ammonium carbonate and oxalate there was no appreciable change in pH, and perithecia formed with these salts as nitrogen sources. Perithecia did not form in media with leucine as a nitrogen source. Formation of perithecia with other amino acids depended on the concentration of amino-nitrogen in the media. A substance toxic to perithecial formation may form in cultures containing leucine; if so, it is produced in different amounts by the two isomers and the racemic mixture of this amino acid.

Nitrogen requirements of the fungal endophytes of Arundina chinensis

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Stephen ◽  
K. K. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen

The nitrogen requirements of two Rhizoctonia fungus endophytes of the orchid Arundina chinensis are reported. Both isolates were capable of using ammonium and organic nitrogen but not nitrate or atmospheric nitrogen. Glutamic acid and urea were the best of the nitrogen sources tested followed by arginine, then asparagine. Proline and methionine were not used. The addition of a mixture of vitamins to the amino acids increased growth of one of the isolates but not the other. Yeast extract supported greatest growth.

Growths and Concentrations of Mineral Elements of Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis l.) as Affected by Nitrogen Sources

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 127-130
Author(s):  
Hua Jing Wang ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
Liang Huan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Brassica Chinensis ◽  
Hydroponic Experiment

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to determine influences of partial replacement of nitrate by ammonium and 20 amino acids of alanine (Ala), valine (Val), leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), proline (Pro), phenylalanine (Phe), tryptophane (Trp), methionine (Met), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg), histidine (His), glycine (Gly), serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), cysteine (Cys), tyrosine (Tyr), asparagines (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) on growths and concentrations of mineral elements of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.). Most of amino acids inhibit shoot growths of pakchoi. Different amino acids have various effects on concentrations of calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in shoots of pakchoi. There are differences in shoot fresh weights, dry weights and concentrations of mineral elements of pakchoi supplied with amino acids and ammonium.

The production of extracellular amino acids by rumen bacteria

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1236-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Active Growth

One hundred and sixteen freshly isolated rumen bacteria and 10 laboratory strains were studied for the production and excretion of free amino acids during growth in a basal medium containing glucose, cellobiose, and soluble starch as the energy sources, (NH4)2SO4 as the prime nitrogen source, volatile fatty acids, hemin, vitamins, Na2CO3, and cysteine as the reducing agent. Amino acid analyses of 48-h culture fluids of the isolates indicated the presence of alanine, glutamic acid, valine, aspartic acid, glycine, serine, lysine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, histidine, arginine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. Most isolates excreted some free amino acids. Alanine, glutamic acid, valine, aspartic acid, and glycine were found in the greatest concentrations with some isolates accumulating between 50 and 295 μg/ml of one or more of these compounds. Concentrations of the remaining amino acids rarely exceeded 20 μg/ml of culture fluid. Growth studies demonstrated that the amino acids were excreted during active growth of the bacteria and ceased shortly after growth became limited.

Effects of nitrogenous compounds on sclerotium formation in Aspergillus niger

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1253-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Agnihotri
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Alkaline Side ◽  
Sclerotium Formation ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The effects of different nitrogen sources on growth and sclerotial production by Aspergillus niger were determined on a synthetic agar medium. The organism used inorganic, organic, and ammonium nitrogen for growth and sclerotial production. Among the ammonium compounds tested, the chloride, phosphate, sulfate, and carbonate were used poorly, but the nitrate was well utilized. Addition of organic acids to ammonium compounds increased sclerotial production. Raising the concentration of sodium nitrate to a certain level (0.15%) increased the number of sclerotial initials and the number and weight of those which matured. Sodium nitrite curtailed mycelial growth and prevented production of sclerotia. Utilization of nitrite was accelerated by adjusting the pH on the alkaline side from 7.5 to 9.0. Urea supported poor sclerotial production; thiourea inhibited it. Of the amino acids, histidine yielded the most and arginine the least number of sclerotia. In lysine medium, the white cottony sclerotial initials remained fluffy even after 20 days. Sclerotial production decreased significantly when proline, glutamic acid, or leucine were omitted from the basal medium containing 10 amino acids. In general, no correlation existed between the number of sclerotia formed and the dry weight they attained on different nitrogen sources. With certain nitrogen sources sclerotial initials failed to mature.

scholarly journals DNA affinity purification sequencing and transcriptional profiling reveal new aspects of nitrogen regulation in a filamentous fungus

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (13) ◽  
pp. e2009501118
Author(s):  
Lori B. Huberman ◽  
Vincent W. Wu ◽  
David J. Kowbel ◽  
Juna Lee ◽  
Chris Daum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Filamentous Fungus ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Specific Transcription Factor

Sensing available nutrients and efficiently utilizing them is a challenge common to all organisms. The model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa is capable of utilizing a variety of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources. Nitrogen utilization in N. crassa is regulated by a network of pathway-specific transcription factors that activate genes necessary to utilize specific nitrogen sources in combination with nitrogen catabolite repression regulatory proteins. We identified an uncharacterized pathway-specific transcription factor, amn-1, that is required for utilization of the nonpreferred nitrogen sources proline, branched-chain amino acids, and aromatic amino acids. AMN-1 also plays a role in regulating genes involved in responding to the simple sugar mannose, suggesting an integration of nitrogen and carbon metabolism. The utilization of nonpreferred nitrogen sources, which require metabolic processing before being used as a nitrogen source, is also regulated by the nitrogen catabolite regulator NIT-2. Using RNA sequencing combined with DNA affinity purification sequencing, we performed a survey of the role of NIT-2 and the pathway-specific transcription factors NIT-4 and AMN-1 in directly regulating genes involved in nitrogen utilization. Although previous studies suggested promoter binding by both a pathway-specific transcription factor and NIT-2 may be necessary for activation of nitrogen-responsive genes, our data show that pathway-specific transcription factors regulate genes involved in the catabolism of specific nitrogen sources, while NIT-2 regulates genes involved in utilization of all nonpreferred nitrogen sources, such as nitrogen transporters. Together, these transcription factors form a nutrient sensing network that allows N. crassa cells to regulate nitrogen utilization.

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON THE GENUS HIRSUTELLA: II. NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Tartrate ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Nutritional Studies

The growth responses of Hirsutella gigantea to different nitrogen sources were studied. Experiments showed that the mycelium hydrolyzate contained at least 14 of the amino acids, that the fungus was unable to utilize inorganic nitrogenous compounds, that ammonium tartrate was inferior to amino-nitrogen, and that the L or DL isomers of the different amino acids induced better growth than did the D form.The 10 most suitable nitrogen sources in order of decreasing growth were: L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine, ammonium tartrate, DL-aspartic acid, L-proline, L-arginine, L-leucine, DL-α-alanine, DL-serine, and DL-histidine. The total yield, however, obtained in a synthetic medium with each of these substances was shown to be directly dependent upon the quantity of inoculum used. The enhanced growth resulting from the addition of increased inoculum is ascribed to accessory growth factors carried over with the mycelial fragments despite six washings in saline.The maximum growth of H. gigantea developed in a dextrose–salts medium containing L-glutamic acid as a source of nitrogen, and yeast extract, inoculum filtrate, and liver fraction "L" as a source of growth factors.The lack of uniformity associated with nutritional studies conducted in chemically defined media has been briefly mentioned.

The value of 21 amino acids as nitrogen sources for Phytophthora cactorum and P. heveae

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1319-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Leal ◽  
M. E. Gallegly ◽  
V. G. Lilly
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Ph Values

The value of 21 amino acids as nitrogen sources for Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. and Cohn) Schroet. and P. heveae Thompson has been studied using the dry weights of mycelium, changes in the pH values of the culture media, and the accumulation of ammonium nitrogen in the culture media as the criteria. Two concentrations of each amino acid were used to furnish 106 and 424 mg N/liter. The three parameters mutually supported each other in dividing the amino acids into two groups, poor and good.The following amino acids were poor sources of nitrogen for both species: L-hydroxyproline, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, and L-tryptophan. L-Phenylalanine was a good amino acid for P. cactorum, and a poor amino acid for P. heveae. L-Cysteine and L-valine were good sources of nitrogen for P. heveae, but poor nitrogen sources for P. cactorum. The following amino acids were good sources of nitrogen for both species: L-α-alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, glycine, L-histidine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, and L-tyrosine.

Influence of some nitrogen and vitamin sources on growth, sporulation, and pathogenicity of Cochliobolus sativus

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 2175-2186 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Chromatographic Study ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Inorganic And Organic Nitrogen

Four isolates of C. sativus that had shown tendencies to give a differential pathogenic response when used to inoculate the foliage of several cereals grew well on a number of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources but showed no benefit from the addition of several vitamins. In general, the four isolates were consistent in their relative growth pattern although on occasion the order was changed slightly and when compared every 2 days a number of variations were noted. In some cases the amount of sporulation by the isolates was changed by certain chemicals. There was little evidence of a differential pathogenicity with inoculum grown on media containing different amino acids. However, inoculum grown on media containing methionine and isoleucine produced strikingly atypical leaf lesions on barley and wheat.All nitrogen sources tested supported some growth with the possible exception of cysteine. Comparing amino acids, maximum growth occurred on histidine, threonine, and hydroxyproline when equal amounts of sodium nitrate and amino acid were added to the basal medium, and on histidine, valine, and serine when only amino acid was used as the nitrogen source. With most acids growth was rapid for the first few days after inoculation and considerably slower later. In two cases practically no growth occurred during the second week of incubation. A chromatographic study of the culture filtrates showed that there was a variation in the speed at which the amino acids were taken up by the isolates. Several acids that supported rather poor growth were used up very quickly.

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