Effects of nitrogenous compounds on sclerotium formation in Aspergillus niger

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1253-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Agnihotri
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Alkaline Side ◽  
Sclerotium Formation ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The effects of different nitrogen sources on growth and sclerotial production by Aspergillus niger were determined on a synthetic agar medium. The organism used inorganic, organic, and ammonium nitrogen for growth and sclerotial production. Among the ammonium compounds tested, the chloride, phosphate, sulfate, and carbonate were used poorly, but the nitrate was well utilized. Addition of organic acids to ammonium compounds increased sclerotial production. Raising the concentration of sodium nitrate to a certain level (0.15%) increased the number of sclerotial initials and the number and weight of those which matured. Sodium nitrite curtailed mycelial growth and prevented production of sclerotia. Utilization of nitrite was accelerated by adjusting the pH on the alkaline side from 7.5 to 9.0. Urea supported poor sclerotial production; thiourea inhibited it. Of the amino acids, histidine yielded the most and arginine the least number of sclerotia. In lysine medium, the white cottony sclerotial initials remained fluffy even after 20 days. Sclerotial production decreased significantly when proline, glutamic acid, or leucine were omitted from the basal medium containing 10 amino acids. In general, no correlation existed between the number of sclerotia formed and the dry weight they attained on different nitrogen sources. With certain nitrogen sources sclerotial initials failed to mature.

EFFECT OF AMMONIUM NITROGEN AND AMINO ACIDS ON PERITHECIAL FORMATION OF VENTURIA INAEQUALIS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. ROSS ◽  
FRANCES D. J. BREMNER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Carbonate ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Racemic Mixture ◽  
Appreciable Change ◽  
The Media

Perithecia of Venturia inaequalis did not form in a basal medium to which was added ammonium sulfate, chloride, phosphate or tartrate as the sole sources of nitrogen, when the pH of the medium was allowed to fall to inhibitory levels. Perithecia formed with these ammonium salts as nitrogen sources when calcium carbonate was added to control the pH. With ammonium carbonate and oxalate there was no appreciable change in pH, and perithecia formed with these salts as nitrogen sources. Perithecia did not form in media with leucine as a nitrogen source. Formation of perithecia with other amino acids depended on the concentration of amino-nitrogen in the media. A substance toxic to perithecial formation may form in cultures containing leucine; if so, it is produced in different amounts by the two isomers and the racemic mixture of this amino acid.

THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS ON GROWTH OF PYTHIUM SPECIES

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1509-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Agnihotri ◽  
O. Vaartaja
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Surface Culture ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
N Compounds

The utilization of N compounds by P. ultimum Trow (strain I and II), P. rostratum Butler, and P. irregulare Buisman was examined in a chemically denned medium under controlled conditions in surface culture. All species were able to metabolize nitrate, ammonium, and organic nitrogen, and the amount of growth varied with the nitrogen source. In general, yeast extract, peptone, glycine, serine, histidine, cysteine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid supported favorable growth, whereas γ-aminobutyric acid, threonine, and alanine supported poor growth of these fungi. The addition of succinic acid at 0.02 M concentration to ammonium compounds further increased growth of four isolates.Preferential utilization of amino acids from a given mixture was recorded using paper chromatographic techniques. All four isolates gave more vegetative growth on mixtures of amino acids than when they were supplied singly.

Investigations of growth-promoting factors in conditioned soybean root cells and in the liquid medium in which they grow: ammonium, glutamine, and amino acids

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1747-1755 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Sargent ◽  
J. King
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
Haplopappus Gracilis ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Cells Cultured

Cells cultured in sterile, liquid media from a number of Phaseolus spp., soybean cotyledons, shoots, and roots and from rice explants grew, in terms of dry-weight increase, much better in the presence of NH4+ and NO3− as sources of nitrogen than with NO3− alone. Other cultures tested, including other legumes, either did not respond positively to added NH4+ or, as in the case of Haplopappus gracilis cells, grew better in its absence.Earlier it had been shown that soybean (Glycine max. L. cv. Mandarin) root cells grew better in the presence of NH4+ than in its absence and that 'conditioning' substances were produced by cells and excreted into the medium between about the 15th and 35th h of incubation. These observations and those above with other cell cultures led to the initiation of an investigation of why some cells respond to NH4+ while others do not.This investigation has so far taken the form of an analysis of nitrogenous compounds in soybean root cells and in the NH4+-containing medium in which they were grown during 120 h of incubation and especially after 24 h of incubation, the time of maximum production of growth-enhancing ability in both cells and medium.Growth enhancement can be accounted for, apparently, by the occurrence of residual NH4+ in conditioned medium and by the presumed occurrence of NH4+ in cells. However, glutamine and its derivatives are implicated in the conditioning process.

THE UTILIZATION OF PURINES, PYRIMIDINES, AND INORGANIC NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS BY EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 668-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Jordan ◽  
C. L. San Clemente
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Growth Initiation

Ammonium chloride was not utilized by three strains of Rhizobium meliloti as the sole source of nitrogen in a sucrose medium, unless either amino or certain non-nitrogenous carboxylic acids were also present. This was also essentially true for the utilization of nitrate, nitrite, purines, and pyrimidines, all of which are potentially able to form ammonia. These results may be interpreted on the assumption that washed cells of alfalfa – sweet clover rhizobia require, for growth initiation in a nitrogen-free medium, either preformed amino acids or compounds such as ammonia and certain carboxylic acids from which amino acids can be synthesized. Since α-ketoglutarate was extremely active in promoting growth in a medium containing ammonium chloride it was implied that the ammonia may be fixed by L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase activity, especially since this particular enzyme was located in these organisms. No aspartase activity could be demonstrated. The ineffective strain differed from the effective strains in that it was unable to use purines or pyrimidines as accessory nitrogen sources in amino acid media. This was a result of strain variation and it was not coupled with the state of ineffectiveness itself. A synthetic medium has been formulated for further growth studies on washed Rhizobium cells and for investigations on auxotrophic mutants of these bacteria.

Structure and chemical composition of yeast chlamydospores of Aureobasidium pullulans

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Brown ◽  
Louis A. Hanic ◽  
May Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Yeastlike Cells

Cellular form in Aureobasidium pullulons can be partially controlled by nitrogen nutrition. Ammonium nitrogen supports a mixture of filamentous and yeastlike growth, whereas only a few filaments develop on nitrate nitrogen. On nitrate 97% of the cell material consists of a mixture of yeastlike cells and chlamydospores. Chlamydospores are produced on both nitrogen sources; however, with ammonium nitrogen chlamydospores occur in an intercalar position, whereas nitrate nitrogen supports development of chlamydospores as separate structures containing one, two, or occasionally three cells. This mode of production allows separation of yeast chlamydospores from other cell types and subsequent isolation of their cell walls. Yeast chlamydospores and filaments have an electron dense, melanin-rich, granular, outer cell-wall layer which yeastlike cells lack. This granular material is also found in cross walls of filaments and chlamydospores. Glucose is the main component of chlamydospore walls and accounts for 36% of the dry weight. Yeastlike cell walls contain only 13% glucose, but more mannose, galactose, and bound lipid. Most of the glucan portion of chlamydospore walls is insoluble in dilute alkali; methylation analysis indicates that this material contains linear chains of (1 → 3) and (1 → 6) linked glucose. About one residue in five forms a branch point having both (1 → 3) and (1 → 6) linkages.

Interactions between nitrogen sources and xylose affecting growth, sporulation, and polyphenoloxidase activity in Bipolaris maydis race T

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 2102-2107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Evans ◽  
Candace L. Black
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Bipolaris Maydis

The effect of 23 organic and 3 inorganic nitrogen sources on growth, sporulation, and polyphenoloxidase activity was measured in Bipolaris maydis race T incubated with or without a xylose supplement. Mycelial dry weight tends to be highest on acidic and other polar amino acids and least on nonpolar ones; organic nitrogen sources generally result in greater dry weight than inorganic ones. Changes in nitrogen concentration and pH of media influence growth and sporulation, but only pH alters the relative effectiveness of the nitrogen sources on these processes. The addition of xylose to the growth media has little effect on growth. However, in the presence of lysine, serine, asparagine, glycine, γ-alanine, alanine, and α-aminobutyrate, xylose causes an increase in sporulation and a concomitant decrease in polyphenoloxidase activity. There is no consistent pattern resulting from xylose addition in the presence of the other nitrogen sources.

SIGNIFICANCE OF N15 EXCESS IN NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS OF BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1089-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. H. Gaebler ◽  
Harold C. Choitz ◽  
Trieste G. Vitti ◽  
Robert Vukmirovich
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Transfer ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
In Series ◽  
Plant Sources ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Small Excess

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the small increase in abundance of N15 normally found in nitrogenous compounds of biological origin is primarily due to mass discrimination in nitrogen metabolism, or to reproducible analytical errors.This problem was approached by repeatedly determining N15 in the same series of nine amino acids, either purchased in chromatographically pure form or isolated from proteins of rat liver, dog serum, and six plant sources. Proteins and amino acids included in the study were selected on the premise that concentration or redistribution of N15 might occur in such processes in urea formation, nitrogen transfer, or nitrogen fixation. Data for N15 excess in a series of alkaloids were also secured.Standard deviations obtained in series of analyses were too small, and values for N15 excess in the same amino acids isolated from different sources too variable, to permit interpreting the observed N15 excess as a reproducible error. Distribution of N15 in amino acids of the animal proteins studied resembled that observed when N15-labelled amino acids or ammonium compounds are given. Differences between results for amino acids of animal and plant origin also supported the idea that the small excess of N15 normally found is metabolically as well as statistically significant. Results for N15 in amide nitrogen likewise supported this view. The smallest excess of N15 occurred in amino acids from proteins of legumes, which fix nitrogen. In synthetic amino acids, the concentration of N15 was more often below than above normal abundance.

NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN 38 FRESHWATER CHLAMYDOMONAD ALGAE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1367-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brother Joseph Cain
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Axenic Cultures

Axenic cultures of 38 organisms, half of these available from culture collections of algae and half newly isolated, were investigated for nitrogen utilization. When NaNO3, NaNO2, (NH4)2SO4, and NH4NO3 were used as sole sources of nitrogen in an organic basal medium, it was evident that most of the organisms used NaNO3 and NaNO2 with equal facility. (NH4)2SO4 was utilized to about the same extent as NH4NO3, and both were used with less facility than NaNO3 and NaNO2. Growth in the basal medium with any of nine amino acids as sole nitrogen sources (namely, asparagine, ornithine, aspartic acid, lysine, serine, glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and glutamine) was sufficiently differential to suggest possible taxonomic utility. When study was made of certain nitrogenous bases as sole nitrogen sources, it was found that adenine and uric acid were widely utilized, but cytosine, thymine, and uracil supported little or no growth. Again, when acetamide and succinamide were used as sole sources of nitrogen, and growth was compared with that in media containing glutamine and asparagine, patterns of growth differed from organism to organism. In summary, it can be said that these experiments provide data on growth patterns which may be significant as supplements to strictly morphological attributes of the organisms.

PROTEINASE BIOSYNTHESIS BY STREPTOCOCCUS LIQUEFACIENS: I. THE EFFECT OF CARBON AND NITROGEN SOURCES, pH, AND INHIBITORS

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 747-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Rabin ◽  
Leonard N. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

Some nutritive aspects of proteinase biosynthesis by non-proliferating cells of Streptococcus liquefaciens, strain 31, were investigated by substituting constituents in a basal medium containing casein, lactose, purines, pyrimidines, vitamins, and salts. The casein of the medium could be replaced by a mixture of 12 "essential" amino acids (glutamic acid, histidine, valine, serine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, cystine, lysine, tryptophane, and threonine), thus demonstrating that proteinase synthesis can occur in a medium devoid of protein. Proteinase biosynthesis appeared to depend upon an inordinately high concentration of arginine, required a fermentable carbohydrate, and occurred optimally at pH 6.3. Sodium fluoride and iodoacetate did not inhibit the proteinase activity but radically curbed its synthesis.

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