Temperature: collection of data and its analysis for the interpretation of plant growth and distribution

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Cleary ◽  
R. H. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Controlled Potential ◽  
Temperature Interactions

Suggestions for more meaningful collection, processing, and interpretation of temperature data are offered. Our suggestions are based upon characteristics of the organism under study. Research on plant–temperature interactions is reviewed and another approach is illustrated.Temperature data, collected near shoots and roots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings in different field situations, were assembled from computer-processed temperature traces. From laboratory studies in which day and night air and soil temperatures were controlled, potential seedling growth each day during a growing season was assessed. Then, by summation, a physiological index, expressed in equivalent units, was calculated to relate the possible effect of the field temperatures to plant distribution. This index was used to interpret the effect of temperature on the distribution of vegetation and patterns of leaf initiation in the field. The importance of interactions with the other environmental factors of moisture, chemicals, light, and mechanical forces is mentioned.

scholarly journals Phenology of apple leafcurling midge (Dasineura mali) in relation to parasitism by Platygaster demades

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.W. Shaw ◽  
D.R. Wallis ◽  
P.A. Alspach ◽  
W.R.M. Sandanayaka
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Development Period ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dasineura Mali

The phenology of apple leafcurling midge (ALCM Dasineura mali) and that of its parasitoid Platygaster demades was monitored in orchards over several years in the Nelson district There were 45 generations of ALCM the first two being distinct while the following generations tended to overlap Host and parasitoid populations were generally synchronized except for the second generation when parasitoid numbers were low and parasitism levels dropped Midge populations increased rapidly at this time and remained high in subsequent generations despite moderate levels of parasitism Laboratory studies on the effect of temperature on host and parasitoid pupal development rates combined with weather station data and actual soil temperatures were used to develop a model to predict generation timing Platygaster demades adults had a longer development period and emerged later than ALCM adults The influence of host and parasitoid phenology on parasitism levels and biological control of ALCM is discussed

scholarly journals Seasonal dynamics of methane emissions from a subarctic fen in the Hudson Bay Lowlands

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 4465-4479 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Hanis ◽  
M. Tenuta ◽  
B. D. Amiro ◽  
T. N. Papakyriakou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Surface Soil Temperature ◽  
Filling Method ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract. Ecosystem-scale methane (CH4) flux (FCH4) over a subarctic fen at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada was measured to understand the magnitude of emissions during spring and fall shoulder seasons, and the growing season in relation to physical and biological conditions. FCH4 was measured using eddy covariance with a closed-path analyser in four years (2008–2011). Cumulative measured annual FCH4 (shoulder plus growing seasons) ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 among the four study years, with a mean of 6.5 to 7.1 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 depending upon gap-filling method. Soil temperatures to depths of 50 cm and air temperature were highly correlated with FCH4, with near-surface soil temperature at 5 cm most correlated across spring, fall, and the shoulder and growing seasons. The response of FCH4 to soil temperature at the 5 cm depth and air temperature was more than double in spring to that of fall. Emission episodes were generally not observed during spring thaw. Growing season emissions also depended upon soil and air temperatures but the water table also exerted influence, with FCH4 highest when water was 2–13 cm below and lowest when it was at or above the mean peat surface.

A comparison of variation of Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings from genetically defined and undefined sources

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 945-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Maze ◽  
Satindranath Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Mixed Genetic Background ◽  
Diverse Background ◽  
Group Variation ◽  
Sib Families

Leader lengths were compared for seedlings (i) from full-sib families and (ii) of mixed genetic background 12 times over their second growing season. We wished to examine whether the variation in genetically defined groups was equal to, or less than, that from a genetically diverse background. Aside from one time, there was no difference in within-group variation for full-sib seedlings and for those of mixed genetic background. When variation was not equal, it was one of the full-sib families that was the most variable. This indicates that the high within-population variation in Pseudotsuga menziesii reflects crossing between highly variable individuals and not a complex mixture of half-sib families.

scholarly journals Some like it hot: A differential response to changing temperatures by the malaria vectors Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s.l.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques D Charlwood
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Gravid Females

Background: With the possible implications of global warming, the effect of temperature on the dynamics of malaria vectors in Africa has become a subject of increasing interest. Information from the field is, however, relatively sparse. We describe the effect of ambient temperature over a five-year period on the dynamics of An. funestus and An. gambiae s.l., collected from a single village in southern Mozambique where temperatures varied from a night-time minimum of 6oC in the cool season to a daytime maximum of 35oC in the hot season. Results: Mean daily air temperatures varied from 34o C to 20oC and soil temperatures varied from 26 o C to 12 o C. Diurnal variation was greatest in the cooler months of the year and were greater in air temperatures than soil temperatures. During the study 301, 705 female An. funestus were collected in 6043 light-trap collections, 161, 466 in 7397 exit collections and 16, 995 in 1315 resting collections. The equivalent numbers for An. gambiae s.l. are 72, 475 in light-traps, 33, 868 in exit collections and 5, 333 from indoor resting collections. Numbers of mosquito were greatest in the warmer months. Numbers of An. gambiae s.l. went through a one hundredfold change (from a mean of 0.14 mosquitoes a night to 14) whereas numbers of An. funestus merely doubled (from a mean of 20 to 40 a night). The highest environmental correlations and mosquito numbers were between mean air temperature (r2 = 0.52 for An. funestus and 0.77 for An. gambiae s.l.). Numbers of mosquito collected were not related to rainfall with lags of up to four weeks. Numbers of both gravid and unfed An. gambiae complex females in exit collections continued to increase at all temperatures recorded but gravid females of An. funestus decreased at temperatures above 28oC. Overall the numbers of gravid and unfed An. funestus collected in exit collections were not correlated (p = 0.07). For an unknown reason the number of An. gambiae s.l. fell below monitoring thresholds during the study. Conclusions: Mean air temperature was the most important environmental parameter affecting both vectors in this part of Mozambique. Numbers of An. gambiae s.l. increased at all temperatures recorded whilst An. funestus appeared to be adversely affected by temperatures of 28oC and above. These differences may influence the distribution of the vectors as the planet warms.

scholarly journals Forest Soil Respirations are More Sensitive to Nighttime Temperature Change in Eastern China

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
Zhaoyong SHI ◽  
Ke LI ◽  
Yongming WANG ◽  
Bede S. MICKAN ◽  
Weikang YUAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Apparent Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
The Difference

Soil respiration is one of the main fluxes in the global carbon cycle. The effect of temperature on soil respiration is well understood. The response of soil respiration to temperature warming is called apparent temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil respiration, which is an important parameter in modeling soil CO2 effluxes under global climate warming. The difference of Q10 between daytime and nighttime was hardly reported although attentions are attracted by the differences of temperature change and its effects on vegetation productivity. In this study, we investigated the Q10 of soil respiration in daytime and nighttime by modeling empirical functions based on the in situ measurement of soil respiration and temperature in temperate and subtropical forests of eastern China. Our results showed that the Q10 of soil respiration is higher in nighttime with the mean value of 2.74 and 2.35 than daytime with the average of 2.49 and 2.18 in all measured months and growing season, respectively. Moreover, the explanatory rate of soil temperature to soil respiration in nighttime is also higher than in daytime in each site in both all measured and growing seasons. The Q10 and explanatory rate of soil temperature to soil respiration in nighttime is 1.08 and 1.15 times in daytime in growing season. These findings indicate that soil respiration has a bigger sensitivity to temperature in nighttime than daytime. The change of soil temperature explains more variation of soil respiration in nighttime than daytime.

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature, Concentration, Age, and Algaecides on Phytophthora capsici Zoospore Infectivity

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Granke ◽  
M. K. Hausbeck
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Pickling Cucumbers ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Zoospore Suspension

Controlled laboratory studies were undertaken to determine the effects of water temperature (2, 9, 12, 19, 22, and 32°C), inoculum concentration (1 × 102, 1 × 103, 5 × 103, 1 × 104, 2 × 104, and 4 × 104 zoospores/ml), and zoospore suspension age (0, 1, 3, and 5 days old) on infection of pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) by Phytophthora capsici. Zoospore motility and mortality in response to commercial algaecides were also investigated. Cucumbers became infected at all temperatures tested, except 2°C, and the highest infection incidence was observed for cucumbers incubated in suspensions held at ≥19°C. Fewer fruit (<40% at ≥19°C, 0% at ≤12°C) became infected when water contained 1 × 102 zoospores/ml. Almost 100% of fruit were infected when water contained ≥5 × 103 zoospores/ml at temperatures ≥12°C. While the incidence of fruit infection declined with the zoospore suspension age, infection still occurred when 5-day-old suspensions were used. Commercial algaecides inhibited zoospore motility and caused significant zoospore mortality in laboratory assays, and show promise for treatment of infested irrigation water. Avoidance of infested irrigation water throughout the growing season is warranted until effective and economically acceptable water treatments are developed for field use.

Influence of increasing elevation on growth characteristics at timberline

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2517-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Hansen-Bristow
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Alpine Tundra ◽  
Needle Length ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Inversions ◽  
Topographic Depressions

Significant differences in growing-season air and soil temperatures were found with increasing elevation in the upper montane and forest–alpine tundra ecotone. Temperature inversions in topographic depressions were frequent, especially during the growing season. Variability in bud flush timing with elevation was best accounted for by soil temperatures; however, air temperature recorded within a mat conifer also correlated well with bud flush timing. Significant differences in shoot elongation, needle length, and cuticular thickness were found with differences in climate and elevational changes.

PREDICTING NET NITROGEN MINERALIZATION OVER A GROWING SEASON: MODEL VERIFICATION

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
Y. W. JAME ◽  
R. DE JONG
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constant ◽  
Nitrogen Mineralization ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Mineralization Rate ◽  
Temperature Function ◽  
Plastic Bags

In a previous study a nitrogen mineralization model was developed by combining the potentially mineralizable nitrogen (No) with functions representing the effect of temperature and soil moisture on the mineralization rate constant (k). The model performed well in predicting the amount of net nitrogen mineralized during a growing season when soil was incubated in plastic bags placed in incubators or buried in the field. In the present study a similar model was used to estimate net nitrogen mineralized in situ from Wood Mountain loam an Orthic Brown soil at Swift Current, Saskatchewan under (a) summerfallow, (b) cropped-dryland and (c) cropped-irrigated conditions. Model output showed good agreement to field measurements especially for the first 45–60 d, but thereafter tended to underestimate the measured data particularly under cropped-dryland conditions. During a growing season the cropped-irrigated system predicted 69 kg ha−1 net nitrogen mineralized, but 81 kg ha−1 was measured; the corresponding values for summerfallow were 64 and 86 kg ha−1, and for cropped-dryland 36 and 52 kg ha−1, respectively. The model is not dynamic since it does not allow for No to be replenished continuously by nitrogen derived from decomposition of fresh residues and rhizosphere microbial biomass. Net nitrogen mineralized from this source might explain at least part of the underestimate predicted by the model. Other sources of possible discrepancy could be imprecision in measuring the mineralization of nitrogen and in estimating the parameters in the model. Nonetheless, it was established that one of the main shortcomings of the model was that it underestimated the amount of nitrogen mineralized whenever the soil became very dry and was then rewetted by rainfall. This was probably because the latter process resulted in large flushes in mineral nitrogen in situ while in the laboratory estimate of No and k, this effect is not adequately simulated. Key words: Q10, No, N mineralization, rate constant, temperature function

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