The occurrence of polar structures in callus cultures from mature lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia)

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2595-2596
Author(s):  
Susan C. MacDougall ◽  
Shona M. Ellis ◽  
Iain E. P. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Embryo Cells ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

A somatic polar structure was observed in white callus cultured, in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (10−6 M) and benzylaminopurine (4 × 10−6 M), from leaf explants taken from mature lodgepole pine trees. The structure contained elongate, vacuolate cells and small cells arranged with some resemblance to the first zygotic embryo cells. We were not able to induce further development.

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from zygotic embryo-derived callus cultures of allium altaicum pall.

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Zavzandulam М ◽  
Buyanchimeg B ◽  
Enkhchimeg V
Keyword(s):  
Callus Induction ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Red Data Book ◽  
Data Book ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Altain onion (Allium altaicum Pall.) grows wildly under different ecological conditions and one of the listed rare plant in Red Data Book of Mongolia. Allium altaicum pall belong to a member of the onion family (Alliaceae) and has been used for both culinary and traditional medicine and a perennial herb.The purpose of this research is to get micropropogated plants in in vitro condition from Mongolian the Allium altaicum Pall tissue culture. Allium altaicum Pall. regeneration from zygotic embryo was 70% in MS medium with 0.5 mg/l 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, 0.2 mg/l kinetin compare to control. Convenient condition for primary callus induction observed in MS medium with 1 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.6 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine, 2mg/l glycine by 50.4%. Regeneration of callus induction was 61.3% and somatic embryos formed plantlets on regeneration 0.1 мг/л 2,4-D 0.1 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 1 мг/л BAP 1 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine.

The Fine Structure of the Embryogenic Callus of Ranunculus Sceleratus L

1972 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-109
Author(s):  
E. THOMAS ◽  
R. N. KONAR ◽  
H. E. STREET
Keyword(s):  
Cell Separation ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Chromatin Condensation ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryogenic Cells ◽  
Dense Cytoplasm ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Cellular Aggregates

Sections of callus of Ranunculus sceleratus reveal its organization into cellular aggregates, the superficial cells of which are highly cytoplasmic and the inner cells of which are larger, have less-dense cytoplasm and are more highly vacuolated. Expansion and ultimate death of some of the internal cells leads to cell separation and break up of the aggregates. Many of the superficial cells are involved in the initiation of embryoids in the callus and they correspond in structure with the embryogenic cells of the seedling stem epidermis. The embryoids are retarded in their development in presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and embryoid development becomes more rapid and more prolific when cultures are transferred to a medium without 2,4-D. The similarity between the embryogenic cells of the callus cultures and those of the seedling stem epidermis extends to cell size, nuclear size, degree of vacuolation, abundance of ribosomes and mitochondria, presence of amyloplasts and prominence of spherosomes. The various forms of spherosome are described and their possible function discussed. Amyloplasts differentiating into chloroplasts are observed in the more advanced embryoids. There is evidence that embryoids can arise from single cells but it is uncertain whether all are of single-cell origin. The embryogenic cells are in protoplasmic continuity with surrounding cells when they embark upon embryogenesis. Some of the superficial cells, also clearly undergoing active division, are of rather different structure; characteristically their nuclei show a high degree of chromatin condensation and their cytoplasm contains bundles of fibrous material. It is suggested that these cells do not function directly in embryogenesis. The internal cells of the aggregates have a low density of ribosomes and very few ER profiles or normal mitochondria. Extremely elongated mitochondrial structures following the outline of the nucleus are observed in these cells. An unidentified structure is frequently observed in cells in which cytoplasmic disorganization appears to be occurring.

Species, elevation, and diameter affect whitebark pine and lodgepole pine stored resources in the sapwood and phloem: implications for bark beetle outbreaks

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1312-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor C. Lahr ◽  
Anna Sala
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Whitebark Pine ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Lodgepole Pines

Stored resources in trees reflect physiological and environmental variables and affect life history traits, including growth, reproduction, resistance to abiotic stress, and defense. However, less attention has been paid to the fact that stored resources also determine tissue nutritional quality and may have direct consequences for the success of herbivores and pathogens. Here, we investigated whether stored resources differed between two hosts of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, 1902): lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex. Loudon), a common host, and whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelmann), a more naïve host that grows at higher altitudes. Phloem and sapwood were sampled in small- and large-diameter trees at two elevations, and nitrogen, phosphorus, nonstructural carbohydrates, and lipids were measured. We found that concentrations of stored resources increased with elevation and tree diameter for both species and that whitebark pine had thicker phloem than lodgepole pine. Overall, stored resources were higher in whitebark pine such that small-diameter whitebark pine trees often had resource concentrations higher than large-diameter lodgepole pines. These results suggest that whitebark pine is of higher nutritional quality than lodgepole pine, which could have implications for the current expansion of mountain pine beetles into higher altitude and latitude forests in response to climate warming.

Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin from polyembryonic mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis Sieb et Zucc.

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Bozhkov ◽  
I. S. Ahn ◽  
Y. G. Park
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryo Origin

Individual mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis sometimes contain several viable zygotic embryos originated through the processes of simple and cleavage polyembryony. To induce the embryonic process, isolated zygotic embryos were cultured on five different media all supplemented with 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5 μM 6-benzyladenine. Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin were revealed. The first pathway was associated with the production of a friable, translucent callus in the hypocotyls–cotyledon region of the dominant zygotic embryo. The second pathway was related to the proliferation of a translucent, moist, and mucilaginous tissue (termed embryonal–suspensor mass) in the suspensor region of the dominant zygotic embryo. Both types of tissues contained early somatic embryos. Regression analysis has shown a strong negative correlation between the frequencies of formation of embryogenic callus and embryonal–suspensor mass both at 3 and 8 weeks of culture (r = − 0.85; p = 0.07 and r = −0.71; p = 0.17, respectively). Key words: Pinus koraiensis; polyembryonal seeds; somatic embryogenesis; embryogénie callus; embryonal–suspensor mass.

Ectomycorrhizas of regenerating stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Bradbury ◽  
R M Danielson ◽  
S Visser
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Study Sites

The ectomycorrhizal community associated with regenerating lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loud.) after clear-cutting in southwestern Alberta was investigated in 6-, 10-, and 19-year-old cut blocks and their adjacent 90-year-old undisturbed control stands. Twenty different mycorrhizal taxa were found in the 90-year-old undisturbed stands. Of these 20, 13 mycorrhizal taxa were found in the 6-year-old cut blocks, and 15 mycorrhizal taxa were found in both the 10- and 19-year-old cut blocks. The most common associate of all stand ages was Mycelium radicis atrovirens Melin (MRA), which overall colonized 29% (weighted average) of the root tips. Species or groups accounting for greater than 10% of the mycorrhizas in one or more age classes included Piloderma fallax (Karst.) Jül. (15% overall), Piloderma byssinum (Karst.) Jül. (11%), Cenococcum geophilum L. (8%), Russula-like (8%), Suillus brevipes (Pk.) Kuntze (5%), Suillus tomentosus (Kauff.) Sing., Snell & Dick (5%), and Lactarius deliciosus (L.:Fr.) S.F. Gray (2%). Although several mycorrhizal fungi exhibited significant differences in percent relative abundance of root tips colonized, when comparing cut blocks to their controls, there was no evidence to suggest that the suite of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots of young lodgepole pine trees was replaced by a different suite of mycorrhizal fungi in mature stands. Extensive fruit body collections, totalling 43 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, throughout the study sites support this contention.Key words: Pinus contorta ectomycorrhizas, clear-cutting, second-rotation forests, succession.

How well can we select undamaged site trees for estimating site index?

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1989-1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon D Nigh ◽  
Bobby A Love
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Unbiased Estimates

The best estimates of site index, an indicator of site productivity, are obtained from site trees. Undamaged site trees should be sampled to obtain unbiased estimates of site index. Two juvenile height growth modelling projects provided us with sufficient data to assess our ability to select undamaged lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Dougl.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) site trees. The sample trees were split open to measure height growth from the terminal bud scars. Splitting the stems also revealed damage that was not visible from the outside of the tree. Over 50% of the lodgepole pine trees and 75% of the white spruce trees had damage, which was much higher than expected. Possible causes of damage are frost and insects. The damage does not significantly reduce the height of the spruce trees, but there is evidence that the heights of the lodgepole pine trees are reduced.

EFFICIENT CALLUS INDUCTION AND PLANT REGENERATION VIA SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM IMMATURE LEAF-DERIVED PROTOPLASTS OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perumal Venkatachalam ◽  
Narayanasamypillai Jayabalan
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
High Yields ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

High yields of protoplasts were obtained from immature leaves of aseptically grown plants of Arachis hypogaea using an enzyme solution containing cellulase 2.0% (w/v) and Macerozyme 1.0% (w/v) in 0.6 M mannitol. Isolated protoplasts were cultured in Kao's medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The protoplasts started to divide after 3–5 days of culture. Sustained divisions resulted in mass production of cell colonies and mini calli in 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, protoplast colonies were transferred to the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with a-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and BAP. Colonies proliferated into actively growing calli. Further attempts to regenerate plants from such calli were not successful. However, protoclones differentiated roots on the same medium. Alternative methods for plant regeneration from protoplast derived callus cultures were tried through somatic embryogenesis. Protoplast-derived calli treated with 2,4-D and BAP formed somatic embryos. Somatic embryogenesis began in the proembryo stage and proceeded from globular to dicotyledonary stage. Embryos were then transferred onto hormone-free MS medium for germination. Five to ten percent of these embryoids germinated and grew to plantlets. Regenerated plants were transferred to plastic cups and grown to maturity.

scholarly journals INTRODUCTION OF β-GLUCURONIDASE GENE INTO GINSENG (PANAX CINSENG) BY A TI-PLASMID VECTOR SYSTEM AND ITS EXPRESSION

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 621e-621
Author(s):  
Jang R. Liu ◽  
Haeng S. Lee ◽  
Suk W. Kim ◽  
Hyo W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Binary Vector ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Plasmid Vector ◽  
Vector System ◽  
Selection Marker ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Gus Gene ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

β-Glucuronidase (GUS) gene of Escherichia coli was introduced into ginseng cells by an Agrobacterium binary vector system and expressed in somatic embryos derived from the cells. A binary vector pBI121 carrying CaMV 35S promoter-GUS gene fusion and a neomycin phosphotransferase gene as selection marker was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. Zygotic embryo cotyledonary segments were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens and transferred to the medium containg 1 mg 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/liter, 0.5 mg kinetin/liter, and 100 mg kanamycin/liter. Kanamycin-resistant calli were formed after 3 to 4 weeks of culture. Southern analysis confirmed the resistant calli were transformed with GUS gene. High GUS activities were detected in somatic embryos developed from the calli.

scholarly journals Isolated culture of A. reptance L., its’ morphological and growth features

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
Elen Poghosyan ◽  
Naira Sahakyan ◽  
Margarit Petrosyan ◽  
Irina Batlutskaya ◽  
Karen Trchounian
Keyword(s):  
Callus Culture ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Micro Propagation ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

A growing demand for the ecologically pure products brings us for searching novel biotechnological approaches for plant cultivation. One of these approaches is the in vitro cultivation and further acclimatization of valuable plant species. The object of our investigation was Ajugareptance L. ornamental plant which possesses high metabolic activity. In vitro cultivation was carried out applying Murashige-Skoog nutrient medium and its modifications. Acclimatization of in vitro plants was implemented according Hazarika. In the presence of twice higher concentration of cytokinins over auxins and 0.2 mg/ml gibberellins callus culture was formed from the leaf explants. Callus tissue was formed in the presence of 0.2 mg/ml kinetin and 2 mg/ml indole-3-acetic acid which has denser structure than the first one. The shoot formation was observed on callus cultures growing on the same medium approximately after 5th passage. Callus culture growth was supported also by the adding of 2 mg/ml 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. For the micropropagation, the already formed shoots were transferred to the nutrient medium which contains only 0.1 mg/ml 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid as a phytohormone. A. reptans culture has high regenerative ability and the micro-propagation index was 104 – 105. In vitro regenerated plants were successfully acclimatized to the soil conditions during two-week period.

scholarly journals Production of Anthocyanins in Callus Cultures of Angelica archangelica

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801301
Author(s):  
Tomáš Siatka
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plant ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Angelica Archangelica ◽  
Callus Proliferation ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Culture Growth ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Production Characteristics

Anthocyanins have been used as food color additives, but they also possess many properties beneficial to health. Plant tissue culture technology is an attractive alternative for obtaining these valuable natural pigments. In this work, dark-grown anthocyanin producing callus cultures of Angelica archangelica were established. They were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.4 mg/L benzylaminopurine. Anthocyanin contents in cultures were around 2%, i.e. one order of magnitude higher than in the intact plant that contains up to 0.17% anthocyanins. Growth and production characteristics of the culture were determined – fresh and dry biomass as well as anthocyanin levels reached a maximum on day 30. Effects of basal nutrient media on callus proliferation and anthocyanin accumulation were tested. Culture growth (fresh weight) achieved 105%, 102%, 141%, 129%, 54%, and 26%, and anthocyanin contents attained 114%, 41%, 33%, 31%, 25%, and 15% on Linsmaier and Skoog, Gamborg B5, Schenk and Hildebrandt, Woody plant, Nitsch and Nitsch, and Heller medium, respectively, in comparison with that of Murashige and Skoog.

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