Correlation between early root production, carbohydrate metabolism, and subsequent biomass production in hybrid poplar

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 2168-2174 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Tschaplinski ◽  
T. J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Growth Processes ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization

The relationship between the rooting patterns of five poplar hybrids and stem carbohydrate dynamics was investigated to determine if the availability or metabolism of carbohydrates was limiting early root production of cuttings. Differences in early root production (i.e., number, length, and dry weight) after 17 days paralleled the subsequent differences in accumulation of aboveground biomass that were observed when two Populus balsamifera L. × deltoides Bartr. (Jackii 4 and Jackii 7) and three Populus deltoides Bartr. × nigra L. (DN 2, DN 22, and DN 15) hybrids were compared. Total root length and dry weight of Jackii 4 was four times that of Jackii 7. Both DN 2 and DN 22 had a total root length twice that of DN 15. Rooting characteristics may be useful criteria for selection of productive clones. Carbohydrate analysis of stem cuttings suggested that hybrids differing in biomass production displayed different patterns of carbohydrate utilization. The concentrations of glucose and myoinositol declined more in faster growing hybrids (Jackii 4, DN 2, DN 22) than in slower growing hybrids (Jackii 7, DN 15). The results suggest that faster growing hybrids consume monosaccharides in growth processes, whereas the slower growing hybrids convert monosaccharides into alternative storage forms and use less in growth processes. The initial myoinositol concentration in stem cuttings of poplar hybrids was correlated (r2 = 0.95) with root dry weight produced after 17 days, but the initial starch concentration was unrelated to later root biomass production. The results suggest that initial myoinositol concentration in cuttings may be used in early selection for rooting performance.

scholarly journals Stumping Height, Crown Position, and Age of Parent Tree Influence Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Fraser Fir

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Rosier ◽  
John Frampton ◽  
Barry Goldfarb ◽  
Farrell C. Wise ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Primary Roots

Two experiments were conducted to develop a protocol for rooting stem cuttings from 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] Christmas trees. The first experiment tested the effect of stumping treatments and tree age on shoot production and subsequent adventitious rooting. One auxin concentration [4 mm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)] and a nonauxin control were tested. Stock plants were stumped to the first whorl (trees in the field 3 and 5 years) or the first, third, and fifth whorls (trees in the field 7 years). Intact (nonstumped) controls were also included for each age. The second experiment was designed to create a quantitative description of the effects that crown (foliage and above ground branches of a tree) position have on the rooting of stem cuttings collected from stumped and nonstumped trees. The exact position was determined by measuring the distance from the stem, height from the ground, and the degrees from north. Crown positions were recorded as cuttings were collected and then cuttings were tested for rooting response. The rooting traits assessed in both experiments included rooting percentage, percent mortality, number of primary roots, total root length, root symmetry, and root angle. In the first experiment, rooting percentage, primary root production, and total root length increased as the age of the stock plant decreased and the severity of the stumping treatment increased. Auxin treatment significantly increased rooting percentage, root production, root lengths, and root symmetry while decreasing mortality. Overall, the highest rooting percentages (51%) and the greatest number of primary roots (8.1) occurred when 3-year-old stock plants were stumped to the first whorl and treated the cuttings with 4 mm IBA. The greatest total root lengths (335 mm) occurred in cuttings from the 3-year-old stock plants. In the second experiment, rooting percentage was significantly affected by the position from which the cuttings were collected. Cuttings collected lower in the crown and closer to the main stem rooted more frequently than cuttings collected from the outer and upper crown.

scholarly journals Rooting `Yoshino' Cryptomeria Stem Cuttings as Influenced by Growth Stage, Branch Order, and IBA Treatment

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1532-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura G. Jull ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Branch Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Root Area

Stem cuttings of `Yoshino' Japanese cedar [Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don `Yoshino'], consisting of tips (terminal 20 cm) of first-order laterals, distal halves (terminal 10 cm) of tips of first-order laterals, and proximal halves (basal 10 cm) of tips of first-order laterals, or tips (terminal 10 cm) of second-order laterals, were taken on four dates that represented four growth stages (softwood, semi-hardwood, hardwood, and pre-budbreak). The cuttings were treated with 0, 3000, 6000, or 9000 mg IBA/liter. Branch order affected all rooting measurements at each growth stage. Regardless of growth stage, tips of and proximal halves of first-order laterals containing lignified wood had the highest percent rooting, root count, total root length, root area, and root dry weight. Hardwood tips of and semi-hardwood proximal halves of first-order laterals exhibited the highest overall rooting (87%), followed by softwood proximal halves of first-order laterals (78%). Rooting of distal halves of first-order laterals and tips of second-order laterals never exceeded 55% and 34%, respectively, at any growth stage. IBA treatment influenced percent rooting, root count, total root length, root area, and root dry weight of semi-hardwood, hardwood, and pre-budbreak cuttings, except for root dry weight of semi-hardwood cuttings. IBA had no affect on softwood cuttings. Chemical name used: 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).

Water relations, photosynthetic capacity, and root/shoot partitioning of photosynthate as determinants of productivity in hybrid poplar

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1689-1697 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Tschaplinski ◽  
T. J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Causal Sequence

Physiological determinants of productivity, including net photosynthesis, root/shoot partitioning of photosynthate, and leaf retention were investigated for three Populus deltoides Bartr. × nigra L. (DN 2, DN 22, DN 15) and two P. balsamifera L. × deltoides Bartr. (Jackii 4, Jackii 7) hybrids. Performance of the different hybrids was compared under controlled greenhouse conditions and in the field. There was a 2.4-fold difference in biomass production between the faster growing DN 2 and the slower growing DN 15 after 100 days growth in the greenhouse, and a 1.5-fold difference after the 1st year's growth in the field. When coppice regrowth of the two Jackii hybrids was compared after 143 days under field conditions, the biomass production of Jackii 4 was 2.2 times that of Jackii 7 and net photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area was 50 % higher than that of Jackii 7 over most of the summer. Many physiological and morphological factors contributed to the more vigorous growth of coppice DN 2 and Jackii 4. These included vigorous initial root growth relative to shoot growth, the ability to maintain higher xylem pressure potentials, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate. These factors may have delayed leaf senescence and late-season photosynthetic decline of older leaves until later in the growing season. The possible causal sequence of physiological events contributing to the difference in productivity and the use of these factors for the early selection of productive hybrids or genotypes are discussed.

scholarly journals Hardwood Cutting Propagation of Confederate Rose Using Auxin and Wounding Treatments

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-478
Author(s):  
Eugene K. Blythe
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Cutting Propagation ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Hardwood Cutting ◽  
High Humidity Environment

Confederate rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), a native of southeastern China, is an old-fashioned, ornamental plant often found in older gardens in the southern United States. Current breeding programs aim at developing selections with improved garden performance, thus providing new cultivars for nursery production. Hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) zones 7 to 9, plants grow as large shrubs or small trees in warmer areas, but generally die back to a woody base or short trunk in colder areas of their range. Stems from the past growing season that remain on plants during the winter in the warmer regions may be used to prepare hardwood stem cuttings. The current study examined hardwood cutting propagation of confederate rose in response to a 1-second basal quick-dip in auxin [1000 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 3000 ppm IBA, 1000 ppm IBA + 500 ppm 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 3000 ppm IBA + 1500 ppm NAA] and a basal wound (along with 1000 ppm IBA only). Cuttings were rooted in a warm, high-humidity environment within a greenhouse. Auxin treatments improved overall rooting percentage and total root length, with 1000 ppm IBA (without and with a basal wound) providing the highest rooting percentages (about 70%) and nontreated cuttings the lowest (44%). A significant increase in total root length on rooted cuttings resulted with the use of 3000 ppm IBA (211 cm) and use of a basal wound plus 1000 ppm IBA (193 cm) compared with nontreated cuttings (87 cm). Auxin and wounding treatments did not have any significant inhibitory effects on budbreak and growth of new shoots on rooted cuttings.

scholarly journals Initial Growth of Irrigated Hybrid Poplar Decreased by Ground Covers

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton C. Shock ◽  
Erik B.G. Feibert ◽  
Lamont D. Saunders ◽  
Majid Seddigh
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
The Third

Abstract Four ground covers were compared with bare soil for their effects on the growth of irrigated poplar trees from 1997 through 1999 at the Malheur Experiment Station near Ontario, OR. Stem cuttings of hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P.nigra , clone ‘OP-367’) were planted in April 1997 at a 14 × 14-ft spacing. Ground cover treatments consisted of (1) bare soil maintained with a preplant herbicide and cultivations, (2) mowed weeds, (3) wheat (Triticum aestivum) between tree rows, (4) alfalfa (Medicago sativa) between tree rows, and (5) squash (Cucurbita maxima) between tree rows. The field was irrigated uniformly using micro sprinklers along the tree rows. Wood volume at the end of September in 1997 and 1998 was significantly greater for the bare soil than any ground cover. By the end of September 1998, wood volume in bare soil plots was more than 100% greater than in mowed weed plots, and almost 50% greater than in squash plots. During the third growing season, the incremental growth of wood volume was similar among the bare soil treatment, mowed weeds, and the plots that had previously been planted to squash but remained bare in the third year due to closure of the tree canopy. Without consideration of the economic value of cover crops, results suggest that, in eastern Oregon, poplar wood volume during the first three years is the greatest when the ground is kept bare.West.J. Appl. For. 17(2):61–65.

scholarly journals Marigold Growth in Six-packs following Transplanting from Plugs at Several Stages of Development

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 632f-633
Author(s):  
Kay Oakley ◽  
Robert Geneve ◽  
Sharon Kester ◽  
Myra Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Root Restriction

Root and shoot development in Marigold `Little Devil Flame' was studied after being grown for varying lengths of time in 392-count plugs before transplanting to six-pack cells. Seedlings were grown for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days before transplanting to six-packs. All plants were measured at day 25. There was no significant difference in total root length, area and dry weight per plant or in leaf area and shoot dry weight per plant for seedlings transplanted from 0 to 15 days. Both total root dry weight and total shoot dry weight of seedlings transplanted on day 20 was reduced by 32% compared to seedlings that were not transplanted. Total root dry weight of seedlings transplanted at day 25 was reduced by 60% while total shoot dry weight of seedlings was reduced by 56% from those not transplanted. In a separate experiment, the growth rate of seedlings grown in plugs was sigmoidal (r2 = 0.98). Growth rate was significantly reduced between 20 and 25 days in the plug. These results suggest that root restriction in the plug may be a factor in the reduction of seedling growth following transplanting.

Gibberellins and heterosis in poplar

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1148-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Bate ◽  
Stewart B. Rood ◽  
Terence J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Highly Correlated

To investigate the possible involvement of gibberellins (GAs) in heterosis of hybrid poplar, six poplar clones were studied, including two Populus deltoides clones and two interspecific hybrid clones (P. ×euramericana = P. deltoides × P. nigra) originating from crosses with each of the P. deltoides clones. In field conditions in Ontario, Canada, the interspecific hybrids were consistently taller and had greater shoot dry weights than their parental P. deltoides clones. Shoot dry weights and heights were highly correlated across the six clones, as clonal rankings for these parameters were identical. Endogenous GA-like substances were extracted, purified, chromatographed on silica gel partition columns, and quantified by the cv. Tan-ginbozu dwarf rice bioassay. Bioactive peaks were further chromatographed on reversed-phase C18 HPLC and again bio-assayed. Statistically significant differences in concentrations of total GA-like substances were observed. With one exception, the rankings for the concentrations of GA-like substances and those of GA1-like plus GA19-like substances were similar to the rankings for height growth. Gibberellins A1 and A19 have been identified from the tissue of hybrid poplar by capillary gas chromatography – selected ion monitoring (GC–SIM), and GA1 was also identified by GC–SIM in this tissue. In three of four comparisons, interspecific hybrids contained significantly higher concentrations of GA-like activity than their corresponding parental clones. Thus, a correlation was observed between the concentration of endogenous GA-like activity and hybrid vigor for height growth and shoot dry weight in poplar.

scholarly journals Propagation of Iranian Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) by Rooted Stem Cuttings

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-195
Author(s):  
Hamid HASSANPOUR ◽  
Mohamad ALI SHIRI
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Cornelian Cherry ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Cornus Mas ◽  
Nursery Production

Clonal propagation of Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) from cuttings will permit nursery production of cloned Cornelian cherry and encourage selection of superior genotypes. The effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations, five genotypes and two types of media on root performance of Cornelian cherry cuttings were investigated. The percentage of rooted cuttings, mean root length, average root number per cutting, root fresh weight and root dry weight were recorded after three months. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of the auxin treatments. Regression analysis for determination of appropriate equation was performed. The IBA treatment increased the rooting percentage in genotype C1, C3 and C4 but did not affect that of genotype C2 and C5. The maximum rooting percentage, mean root length, average root number per cutting, root fresh weight and root dry weight was obtained for C3 genotype and in sand media. No statistically significant correlation was observed between callusing and other measured parameters but the rest of parameters correlate statistically with rooting. According to the regression results, it was clear that the pattern of quadratic function was better than other models for rooting. The highest rooting percentage was obtained from C3 genotype. Therefore, clonal production of this genotype is practical.

scholarly journals Comparing Vegetative Propagation of Two ‘Schipkaensis’ Common Cherrylaurel Ploidy Levels

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Justin A. Schulze ◽  
Ryan N. Contreras ◽  
Carolyn F. Scagel
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
The United States ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Nursery Production

‘Schipkaensis’ common cherrylaurel (Prunus laurocerasus) is an important nursery crop across the United States. In our breeding efforts to reduce shot-hole symptoms and weediness, we have created chromosome doubled forms of this cultivar. Vegetative propagation is an important factor in nursery production, and we have found no studies that have looked at comparative adventitious rooting of stem cuttings using induced polyploids. The objective of this research was to determine if rooting ability varied between these two ploidy levels. Semihardwood stem cuttings from wild-type (22x) and polyploid (44x) ploidy levels were taken at the end of July 2015 and the beginning of July 2016. Cuttings were dipped in 1030 ppm (0.10%) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 660 ppm (0.066%) 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) before being set in rooting substrate. After 1 month, cuttings were removed from substrate and data collected. Data included; rooting percentage, root number per rooted cutting, average root length, and total root length. In 2015, 88% of the cuttings from the 44x plants and 63% of the cuttings from the 22x plants rooted. In 2016, 100% of cuttings from both ploidy levels rooted. In both years, average root length and total root length were similar between ploidy levels; however, cuttings from 22x plants generally had more roots than those from 44x. Chromosome-doubled ‘Schipkaensis’ common cherrylaurel rooted effectively, and produce transplantable cuttings similar to the standard ploidy.

Growth responses of young cuttings of Populus deltoides × nigra to ozone in controlled environments

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 854-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Z. Tenga ◽  
Beverley Hale ◽  
Douglas P. Ormrod
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Controlled Environments

Controlled-environment facilities were used to determine the growth response of hybrid poplar using concentrations and exposure frequencies of ozone (O3) that mimic ambient patterns. Young cuttings of Populusdeltoides × nigra were exposed to daily bell-shaped concentration profiles of O3 with four peak concentrations and two exposures per week for 1 to 4 weeks. Exposure to O3 initially stimulated height growth rate, but repeated exposure resulted in decreases in height growth rate. Stem diameter growth rate decreased with increasing O3 concentration. Leaf greenness decreased with repeated exposure. The rate of leaf production declined with increasing O3 concentration. Many leaves abscised in the higher O3 treatments, resulting ultimately in stimulation of bud break. Leaf area, leaf dry weight, and root dry weight at harvest decreased with increasing total O3 exposure regardless of number of exposures. Stem dry weight was greater after limited initial O3 exposure but was less after repeated O3 exposures. Repeated exposures to O3 were uniformly detrimental to poplar growth parameters.

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