Assessment of natural interspecific hybridization of blue and Engelmann spruce in southwestern Colorado

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1489-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Ernst ◽  
J. W. Hanover ◽  
D. E. Keathley
Keyword(s):  
Female Parent ◽  
Isozyme Analysis ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Hybrid Inviability ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Diallel Mating Design ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Gametic Selection ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Pollen Shed

In a partial diallel mating design among 20 blue and 20 Engelmann spruce parents, the interspecific crosses were successful only with Engelmann spruce as the female parent. No viable seed were obtained from the reciprocal cross among the 60 full-sib families attempted. Under the conditions of artificial pollination and a controlled germination environment, an average of 0.3% of the seed germinated on a total seed basis across all 20 Engelmann spruce females. Many abnormalities were observed among the germinating hybrid seed, suggesting hybrid inviability also contributes to the low crossability between these two species. Isozyme analysis was used to confirm the interspecific hybrids between blue and Engelmann spruce based on the unique genotypic compositions of the hybrids relative to the two species. No natural F1 hybrids between blue and Engelmann spruce were observed in this study based on isozyme analysis of mature individuals or their seedling progeny. Analyses included samples of open-pollinated seed from blue and Engelmann spruce females located in an area where both species are present in close proximity, often side-by-side, and where pollen shed and female strobilus receptivity in the two species are coincident. In addition, there was evidence of possible gametic selection or hybrid inviability among the full-sib progeny based on deviations of observed from expected segregation ratios for progeny isozyme genotypes. Deviations tended to favor the allele more common to both species rather than the allele unique or more common to only one species. Also, the elevationally allopatric blue and Engelmann spruce subpopulations were less divergent genetically than the sympatric subpopulations.

scholarly journals Interspecific Hybridization in Hazelnut (Corylus)

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veli Erdogan ◽  
Shawn A. Mehlenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Cluster Set ◽  
Reciprocal Differences ◽  
Hybrid Seedling ◽  
Bridge Species

Eight Corylus L. (hazelnut) species were intercrossed in all possible combinations to reveal genetic relationships. Pollinations were made on either individually bagged branches or trees covered entirely with polyethylene using mixtures of pollen of five genotypes to minimize low cluster set due to single incompatible combinations. Percent cluster set, seed germination, and hybrid seedling survival were determined. Hybridity of seedlings was verified by inspection of morphological traits. Based on percent cluster set, seed germination, and hybrid seedling survival along with observed morphological similarities, Corylus species were placed in three groups: 1) the tree hazels C. colurna L. (turkish tree hazel) and C. chinensis Franchet (chinese tree hazel), 2) the bristle-husked shrub species C. cornuta Marshall (beaked hazel), C. californica (A.DC.) Rose (california hazel), and C. sieboldiana Blume (manchurian hazel), and 3) the leafy-husked shrub species C. avellana L. (european hazel), C. americana Marshall (american hazel), C. heterophylla Fischer (siberian hazel), and C. heterophylla Fischer var. sutchuensis Franchet (sichuan hazel). The two tree hazel species crossed with each other readily, as did the three bristle-husked shrub species. The frequency of blanks was low (<20%) for crosses of the tree hazels, and <50% for interspecific crosses within the group of bristle-husked species. The leafy-husked shrub species could be crossed with each other in all directions, although cluster set on C. heterophylla was low. For crosses of species belonging to different groups, set was generally low and the frequency of blanks high. Nevertheless, a few hybrid seedlings were obtained from several combinations. When used as the female parent, C. californica set nuts when crossed with all other species, indicating possible value as a bridge species. Crosses involving C. avellana were more successful when it was the pollen parent. In crosses with C. avellana pollen, cluster set on C. chinensis was better than on C. colurna and the frequency of blanks was much lower, indicating that it might be easier to transfer nonsuckering growth habit from C. chinensis than from C. colurna. Reciprocal differences in the success of crosses was observed. The following crosses were successful C. californica × C. avellana, C. chinensis × C. avellana, C americana × C. heterophylla, C. cornuta × C heterophylla, C. californica × C. colurna, and C. americana × C. sieboldiana, but the reciprocals were not.

scholarly journals Embryo rescue from interspecific crosses in apple rootstocks

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 969-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Cibele de Mesquita Dantas ◽  
José Itamar Boneti ◽  
Rubens Onofre Nodari ◽  
Miguel Pedro Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Hand Pollination

The objetive of this work was to rescue immature embryos of apple rootstocks Malus prunifolia (Marubakaido) and Malus pumila (M9) after 40-60 days of pollination and to put them into MS culture media supplemented with agar (6 g L-1) and casein hydrolysate (500 mg L-1). Embryos originated from interspecific crosses and open pollination showed differences in the in vitro responses, depending on the female parent, the developmental stage of the embryo, and the culture medium composition. Embryos of the M. pumila rootstock, rescued within 40 days after pollination and put in culture medium supplemented with indolacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), kinetin and maltose, resulted in a normal development of plantlets. However, embryos originating from hand-pollination, cultivated in medium supplemented with 14 µM IAA, 5 µM kinetin and 1.5 µM Ga3 (MS1), mainly those of M. prunifolia x M. pumila, showed a high percentage of rusted embryos (96.2%). Embryos from open pollination of M. prunifolia and M. pumila formed calluses. It was possible to identify the influence of the female parent by the enhanced development of M. pumila shoots derived from open or hand-pollination. The crossing of responsive species and the use of the technique of embryo culture provided a rapid and uniform germination and, consequently, the development of fully normal seedlings.

Trigenomic hybrids from interspecific crosses between Brassica napus and B. nigra

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneeta Pradhan ◽  
Julie A. Plummer ◽  
Matthew N. Nelson ◽  
Wallace A. Cowling ◽  
Guijun Yan
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Chromosome Count ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Putative Hybrid ◽  
Interspecific Hybridisation ◽  
Hybrid Seeds

Interspecific hybridisation was carried out between five cultivars of Brassica napus and five accessions of B. nigra in all possible cross combinations including reciprocals. Crossing success was higher when B. napus genotypes were used as female parents. Pollination of 799 B. napus flowers with B. nigra pollen resulted in 433 pods set and 2063 putative hybrid seeds. In the reciprocal direction, pollination of 877 B. nigra flowers with B. napus pollen resulted in 281 pods set and 113 putative hybrid seeds. Pod and seed set varied with genotype and only 19 out of 25 combinations of B. napus × B. nigra and 14 out of 25 combinations of B. nigra × B. napus yielded seeds. Hybridity of 2176 putative hybrid seeds (2063 from B. napus × B. nigra and 113 from B. nigra × B. napus) was tested. Microsatellite markers with known locations for the A, B and C genomes indicated that six plants were true hybrids and one more plant remained unconfirmed for hybrid status. All other plants from putative hybrid seeds had the same DNA banding patterns and similar morphological characters as the female parent. However, the true hybrids had DNA bands from both parents and an intermediate morphology for colour and hairiness of leaf, stem and petiole. Anthers were shrunken and thin with a very limited number of sterile pollen grains. Cytological examination confirmed the triploid status of the hybrid with 27 chromosomes. The unconfirmed hybrid had 9% pollen viability and chromosome count was 27 as with the true hybrid; however, there was no clear B-genome marker from B. nigra.

scholarly journals Interspecific and Intergeneric Hybridization in Baptisia and Thermopsis

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1177-1181
Author(s):  
Susan M. Hawkins ◽  
John M. Ruter ◽  
Carol D. Robacker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridization ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Intergeneric Crosses ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Putative Hybrids

Interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed between species in the genera Baptisia and Thermopsis with the goal of creating hybrids with the best qualities of both parents. Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. was used as both the male and female parent in intergeneric crosses. Thermopsis chinensis Benth. ex S. Moore, T. lupinoides (L.) Link, and T. villosa Fernald & B.G. Schub. were used as male and female parents in both interspecific and intergeneric crosses. Pollen was collected from B. alba (L.) Vent., B. bracteata Muhl. ex Elliott, and B. lanceolata (Walt.) Ell. and used to make interspecific and intergeneric crosses. Putative hybrids were obtained from both interspecific and intergeneric crosses. Interspecific crosses produced a higher percentage of pollinations resulting in seed set and the number of seeds per pollination than intergeneric crosses. Morphological differences between parent species and progeny were evident in putative hybrids resulting from intergeneric crosses between T. villosa and B. australis and T. villosa and B. alba. Most putative hybrids bloomed during the second year after germination. Because seedlings could be obtained from both interspecific and intergeneric crosses, hybrids within and between the genera Baptisia and Thermopsis are feasible. The Fabaceae family contains 670–750 genera and 18,000–19,000 species. Baptisia (commonly called false or wild indigo) and Thermopsis (commonly named false lupine) of the Fabaceae belong to the tribe Thermopsidae, which comprises 46 species in six genera. All species in Thermopsis and Baptisia are herbaceous; they are the only two genera in Thermopsidae that do not have woody species. Thermopsis contains 23 species and has a wide-spread distribution with species endemic to Asia and much of temperate North America. Although Thermopsis is considered to have originated in central Asia, T. chinensis Benth. ex S. Moore and T. fabacea (Pallas) Candole are thought to have originated in North America and migrated over the Bering Land Strait to Asia. Three Thermopsis species, T. fraxinifolia Nutt. ex M.A. Curtis, T. mollis (Michx.) M.A. Curtis ex A. Gray, and T. villosa Fernald & B.G. Schub., are native to the southeastern United States. Baptisia contains 15–17 species that are endemic to the southeastern and midwestern United States.

Optimum age of siliques for rescue of hybrid embryos from crosses between Brassica oleracea, B. rapa and B. carinata

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 965-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Seed Color ◽  
Female Embryo ◽  
Genome Species ◽  
Rescue Technique

Interspecific hybrids were produced from crosses involving Brassica rapa var. Yellow Sarson (AA), Canadian B. rapa (AA) cultivars, B. oleracea var. alboglabra (CC), B. oleracea var. italica (CC), rapidcycling B. oleracea (CC) and B. carinata (BBCC) to introgress the yellow seed color or self-incompatibility genes into B. napus. Embryo rescue technique was employed for this purpose. In interspecific crosses where a CC genome species was used as the female parent, a significantly lower number of ovules were fertilized compared to the crosses where the BBCC genome species was female. Embryo growth and development were slower in the crosses where the CC genome species was female than in the crosses where BBCC genome species was female. The efficiency of the embryo rescue technique from 16 to 40 d after pollination (DAP) with 4-d intervals was investigated in the crosses using CC genome species as female. The highest numbers of embryos were rescued between 20 and 28 DAP depending upon the specific cross undertaken. However, the survival rate of the embryos rescued at 20 DAP was very low compared to the embryos rescued at 24 and 28 DAP. The survival rate of the embryos rescued at 32 DAP was generally high, but the number of embryos rescued at this stage was significantly lower than at 24 and 28 DAP. No embryos were obtained at 16 DAP or at 40 DAP. Thus, using the CC genome species as female parent, the maximum efficiency of the embryo rescue technique was achieved when embryos were rescued between 24 and 28 DAP. In the case of crosses using the BBCC genome species as female, rescue of hybrid embryos was successful at 18 and 22 DAP. Key words: Brassica, interspecific cross, embryo rescue, embryo development

scholarly journals PERBAIKAN GENETIK ANGGREK ALAM Vanda spp MELALUI PERSILANGAN INTERSPESIFIK DALAM MENDUKUNG PERKEMBANGAN ANGGREK DI INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Sri Hartati ◽  
Sumijati Sumijati ◽  
Pardono Pardono ◽  
Ongko Cahyono
Keyword(s):  
Plant Conservation ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Hybrid Character ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Seed Propagation

<p><em>Efforts to improve the genetic quality of orchids have constraints on seed propagation techniques crosses and from crosses. The study aims to: (1) obtain a cross technique that can produce seeds with high fertility rates, (2) to obtain a new hybrid character which has advantages in flower. The study was conducted at the Center for Plant Conservation Kebun Raya Bogor LIPI. Research was an interspecific crosses that </em><em>♀ Vanda celebica x </em><em>♂ Vanda tricolor, </em><em>♀ Vanda celebica x </em><em>♂ Vanda dearei, </em><em>♀ Vanda celebica x </em><em>♂ Vanda insignis. And crosses the reciprocal is </em><em>♀ Vanda tricolor x </em><em>♂ Vanda celebica, </em><em>♀ Vanda dearei x </em><em>♂Vanda celebica, </em><em>♀ Vanda insignis x </em><em>♂Vanda celebica. Crosses performed by crossing parent elected as male or female parent. Activities include characterization of elders, crosses, harvesting, seed dispersal, seed Deployment and transfer done aseptically in tissue culture laboratory. Observations included the </em><em>successful crossing, when formed fruit, ripe fruit, and formed protokorm. Of research produced 5 series hybrid to form protokorm is Vanda dearei x Vanda Celebica, Vanda celebica x Vanda dearei, Vanda insignis x Vanda celebica, Vanda celebica x Vanda insignis, Vanda celebica x Vanda tricolo. The success of crosses 33%- 100%, time required for seed maturation varies between 122-262 days, 16-23 days old </em><em>germinated.</em></p>

scholarly journals (382) Application of a Molecular Marker for Berry Seed Size to Two Populations of Grapevines (Vitis sp.) Developed in a Breeding Program

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069A-1069
Author(s):  
Frederick J. Ryan ◽  
David W. Ramming
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Sequence Characterized Amplified Region ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Vitis Sp ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Two Populations

The development of grapevines with berries with small seed traces, so-called seedless grapes, is a costly process. Marker assisted selection would save time and money. Adam-Blondin et al. (Vitis 40:147. 2001) demonstrated that a sequence characterized amplified region, SCC8, could identify seedless grapevine cultivars in European accessions of Vitisvinifera L. We have applied this marker to two populations of grapevines in a breeding program in California. One population consisted of 100 individuals while the second had 109. The two crosses had a common female parent, derived from `Flame Seedless'. Fruit were evaluated over several seasons for parameters including total weight of seeds or traces. DNA was isolated from leaves during the spring. Amplification was carried out with SCC8 primers, followed by digestion with Bgl II, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Individuals were scored as homozygous SCC8+ (small seeded), heterozygous SCC8+/scc8-(intermediate sized seeds), or homozygous scc8-(large seeded) and mean total seed weight per berry was calculated for each genetic class. In the first population, the number of individuals in the inferred genotypes fit an expected 1:2:1 distribution (χ2 = 0.480, P> 0.787) and seed weights for each genetic class were reasonable. For the second population, it was necessary to postulate a null allele in one parent, with a 1:1:1:1 expected distribution for genotypes SCC8+/SCC8+, SCC8+/null, SCC8+/scc8-, and scc8-/null. The actual distribution was in agreement with this model (χ2 = 4.379, P> 0.223). The genotype SCC8+/null had the SCC8+ marker and total seed weight >10 mg per berry. Large seeded individuals and heterozygotes could be reliably identified with this marker.

scholarly journals 062 Genetic Relationships among Corylus Species

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 451F-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Erdogan ◽  
S.A. Mehlenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Embryo Abortion ◽  
Interspecific Gene Flow ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reciprocal Differences ◽  
Matk Sequence

Interspecific hybridization, pollen-stigma incompatibility, and DNA sequence analysis were used to study the relationships among hazelnut (Corylus) species. Interspecific crosses resulted in a wide range of cluster set from 0% to 65%. Reciprocal differences were common. In general, crosses involving C. avellana and C. heterophylla were more successful when used as pollen parents, but crosses involving C. americana were more successful when it was the female parent. C. cornuta, C. californica and C. sieboldiana intercrossed freely in both directions, as did C.colurna and C.chinensis. The Asian species, C. sieboldiana, C.heteropyhlla, and C. chinensis, were not cross-compatible with each other. Fluorescence microscopy showed that pollen-stigma incompatibility exists within and among wild hazelnut species, in addition to the cultivated European hazelnut C. avellana. Pollen-stigma incompatibility and embryo abortion (blank nuts) appear to be major blocks to interspecific gene flow. In addition, the chloroplast matK gene and the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) were amplified and sequenced. The matK sequence was highly conserved and thus was not informative. However, the ITS sequence was highly informative and parsimony analysis agreed with morphological similarities. Corylus species were placed into four groups: 1) C. avellana, C. maxima, C. americana and C. heterophylla 2) C. colurna, C.chinensis, and C. jacquemontii 3) C. cornuta, C. californica and C. sieboldiana 4)C. ferox.

Sex-Related Parental Influences on Early Development of Pacific Salmon

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 2197-2214 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Withler ◽  
R. B. Morley
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Parental Influences ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Parental Origin

Among the fertilized eggs arising from a series of intraspecific and interspecific crosses involving sockeye, pink, and chum salmon, time from fertilization to hatching was longest for crosses involving sockeye males, less for those involving pink males, and least for those involving chum males. For crosses of females of the three species with males of a single species, eggs from pink females took longest to hatch, those from sockeye females took less time, and those of chums took the least. Larva size at hatching was greatest for larvae emerging from chum eggs, irrespective of male parent, less for those emerging from sockeye eggs, and least for those from pink eggs. There were only small differences in the size of larvae at hatching from the eggs of females of one species that had been fertilized by males of each of the three species. Among the pre-hatched embryos developing in eggs of a single species, those with a sockeye male parent grew slowest, those with a pink male parent grew faster, and those involving a chum male parent fastest. In eggs from females of the three species fertilized by the males of one species, embryos in eggs of chum females grew fastest, those in eggs of sockeye females slower, and those in eggs of pink females slowest. Gross malformation among hybrid offspring was not pronounced — only chum male × sockeye female and chum male × pink female hybrids displayed markedly greater proportions of malformed individuals than did the combined intraspecific crosses involving the same parents. It is possible that observed differences in time from fertilization to hatching between eggs of different parental origin are brought about by the interaction of growth rates inherited mainly from the male parents and a critical embryo size related to the size of eggs of the female parent. Identification of parental determinants of early development of salmon should make it possible to create salmon forms capable of exploiting new or changed environments.

scholarly journals EMBRYOLOGY OF INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES IN MELILOTUS

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Edward Ross Greenshields
Keyword(s):  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Endosperm Nucleus ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Primary Endosperm Nucleus ◽  
Embryo Abortion ◽  
Advanced Embryo ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
The Cross

Twelve species of Melilotus were intercrossed and the embryology of the hybrids was studied. The species involved in this study are M. alba, M. officinalis, M. suaveolens, M. polonica, M. dentata, M. altissima, M. hirsutus, M. taurica, M. messanensis, M. italica, M. sulcat, and M. speciosa. Among partially compatible crosses, M. officinalis × M. alba produces the most advanced embryo. Growth of the embryo proceeds normally until about eight days, and more slowly thereafter until the 12th or 13th day, when growth is completely inhibited and the embryo aborts. The reciprocal M. alba × M. officinalis embryo does not grow as large or differentiate as much before aborting by the 11th day. Other crosses, including M. officinalis × M. suaveolens and M. alba × M. messanensis form a normal proembryo that grows slowly to about the sixth day. The proembryo then loses polarity, organ development becomes abnormal, and the ovule aborts about the 12th day. Aborted embryos are also produced in the cross, M. alba × M. dentata. Reciprocal crosses of M. suaveolens and M. altissima and M. altissima × M. polonica produce essentially normal embryos up to eight days. These crosses may be sources of economically important germ plasm. Crosses of M. altissima × M. alba and M. italica × M. altissima exhibit early embryo abortion. The suspensor becomes necrotic in four or five days and the proembryo floats into the ovule cavity, which contains abundant noncellular endosperm. In the cross M. officinalis × M. altissima, neither the zygote nor the primary endosperm nucleus divides. When M. altissima is used as the female parent, the zygote does not divide but the endosperm proliferates. In the cross, M. italica × M. officinalis, neither the zygote nor the endosperm divides. Embryos of M. italica × M. sulcata grow for four or five days, but the primary endosperm nucleus does not divide. The hybrid seed of M. alba × M. suaveolens weighs less than seed of either parent. Although developing ovules are smaller than those of M. suaveolens × M. alba, the embryo of the former is much larger and more differentiated, and endosperm is more abundant. This relationship between these two compatible species is of particular theoretical interest. Although many of the crosses do not mature viable seed, some embryos develop normally to a point where they would be worthy subjects for culture on nutrient agar.

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