Numerical model study on ice impact on Lake Superior outflow limit

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 656-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Knack ◽  
Hung Tao Shen ◽  
Fengbin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Flow Regulation ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ice Breakup ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Flow Limit ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
Numerical Model Study

Improved regulation of the wintertime flow from Lake Superior is needed to improve the balance of water levels of Lake Superior and Lake Michigan–Huron to decrease the frequency of extreme levels without unduly affecting Lake Superior interest. The wintertime outflow limit is set as 2410 m3/s by Lake Superior Regulation Plan 1977-A as a result of ice jam flooding during the 1916–1917 winter. This paper presents a numerical model study on the ice conditions in the St. Marys River to assess the maximum allowable Lake Superior wintertime outflow. Freeze-up, frazil transport and accumulation, and breakup were simulated with a thermal-ice dynamic model. The highest potential for flooding exists during ice breakup and simulations were run to determine a safe discharge limit for the breakup period. Simulations indicated the winter flow limit may be increased to 2690 m3/s if flow regulation is managed with care to prevent premature ice cover breakup.

Study of the hydraulic regime of the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and the city of Québec

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Robert ◽  
D. Plotte ◽  
J.-C. Rassam ◽  
R. Boivin ◽  
R. Larivière ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Hydraulic Regime ◽  
The City ◽  
Numerical Model Study ◽  
St Lawrence River

This paper presents the results of a numerical model study of the St. Lawrence River flow from the Beauharnois–Les Cèdres and Carillon hydroelectric complexes, just upstream from the Montreal Archipelago, to the city of Québec. The main factors affecting the water levels in the river under free water surface conditions, and their degree of influence, were estimated. In particular, the effects of the flows, local inflows, flow variations, and tide on the water levels along the St. Lawrence maritime channel were analyzed. The daily average flows are of utmost importance, other parameters being adjusting factors. Key words: St. Lawrence River, water level prediction, numerical model.

Skin Burns: Numerical Model Study of Radio Frequency Current Sources

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Pearce ◽  
Jonathan W. Valvano
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Clinical Consideration ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Classical Studies ◽  
Disk Electrodes ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Numerical Model Study ◽  
Frequency Current

Skin burns from radio frequency (RF) current remain an important clinical consideration. The classical studies on the kinetics of skin burns in the 1940s and 1950s [1–4] continue to be the most often cited and utilized framework for their prediction and analysis. The objective of this study was to apply numerical models to more thoroughly analyze previously-described experimental skin burns created by RF current under disk electrodes [5].

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