Geological Correlation Between Northern Cyprus And Southern Anatolia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yucel Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Carbonate Platform ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Oceanic Lithosphere ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Late Cenozoic ◽  
Ophiolitic Mélange ◽  
South Central ◽  
Northern Cyprus

The island of Cyprus constitutes a fragment of southern Anatolia separated from the mainland by left-oblique transtension in late Cenozoic time. However, a geological framework of offset features of the south-central Anatolia, for comparison of Cyprus with a source region within and west of the southeastern Anatolian suture zone, has not yet been developed. In this paper, I enumerate, describe, and compare a full suite of potentially correlative spatial and temporal elements exposed in both regions. Northern Cyprus and south-central Anatolia have identical tectonostratigraphic units. At the base of both belts, crop out ophiolitic mélange-accretionary complex generated during the northward subduction of the NeoTethyan Oceanic lithosphere from the Late Cretaceous until the end of middle Eocene. The nappes of the Taurus carbonate platform were thrust above this internally chaotic unit during late Eocene. They began to move as a coherent nappe pile from that time onward. An asymmetrical flysch basin was formed in front of this southward moving nappe pile during the early Miocene. The nappes were then thrust over the flysch basin fill and caused its tight folding. Cyprus separated from Anatolia in the Pleistocene-Holocene when, transtensional oblique faults with dip-slip components caused the development of the Adana and Iskenderun basins and the separation of Cyprus from Anatolia.

The incidence of unusual test morphologies of Eocene Larger benthic foraminifera: An example of Paleogene Adriatic Carbonate Platform

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlasta Ćosović ◽  
Jelena Španiček ◽  
Katica Drobne ◽  
Ervin Mrinjek
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Carbonate Platform ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Coralline Red Algae ◽  
Larger Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Shallow Marine ◽  
Scientific Project

<p>The Paleogene Adriatic carbonate platform(s) existed within the Central NeoTethys (around 32 N paleolatitude) from the Danian to the late Eocene (Bartonian/Priabonian) and produced a succession of limestones up to 500 m thick, rich in larger benthic foraminifera (LBF). The Eocene sediments are widely distributed along the eastern Adriatic coast and have been studied for many years. Taking into account the climatic changes that took place within the Eocene (Early Eocene and Middle Eocene climatic optima, known as EECO, MECO), special attention was paid to the composition of shallow-marine foraminiferal assemblages. The studies reveal the following trends: (1) the alveolinid-dominated assemblages were replaced by nummulitid-dominated assemblages around the MECO; (2) the greater species and morphological diversity (spherical, ellipsoid, extremely elongated fusiform) of the alveolinid fauna was evident at the EECO; (3) the nummulitid-dominated fauna was characterized by less diversified assemblages compared to the alveolinid ones and by the co-occurrence of scleractinian corals, coralline red algae and aborescent foraminifera. The occurrence of twin embryos has been assigned to the early Eocene in the alveolinid populations, especially in Alveolina levantina and A. axiampla (in some sections, the frequency is greater than 5%), and these coalesced embryos have the same size as the single form (usually they are smaller). The LBF assemblages of Middle Eocene showed a greater frequency of doubled adult tests (Orbitolites sp., Nummulites sp.). The origin of these unusual morphologies is poorly known, usually described as the results of stressful conditions. Considering the timing of the appearance of such morphologies, temperature and associated changes in the shallow-marine environment could be the cause.</p><p>This study is carried out as part of the scientific project IP-2019-04-5775 BREEMECO, funded by Croatian Scientific Foundation.</p>

scholarly journals GEOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE TECTONO- STRATIGRAPHY OF THE NAFPLION AREA (NW ARGOLIS, GREECE)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 1495
Author(s):  
A. Photiades
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Middle Triassic ◽  
Carbonate Platform ◽  
Continental Collision ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Early Jurassic ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Ophiolitic Mélange ◽  
Early Tertiary

The geological mapping in scale 1:5.000 in the greater Nafplion area indicated a Tertiary nappe stack of different Pelagonian-originated tectonic units structurally overlying the Subpelagonian series of Argolis Peninsula. The Subpelagonian series as lower unit is characterized by a shallow-water carbonate platform of Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic age, locally deep-water ammonitico-rosso facies and red cherts and is overlain by a tectono-sedimentary ophiolitic melange of Malm age. After the compressive tectonic phase of late Jurassic, the Nafplion area at that time records a severe extensional intra-Cretaceous syn-rift phase leading to the deposition of diachronous Meso-autochthonous Cretaceous limestone deposits rich in faulted-derived limestone breccias series, topped by deep-water limestone of Campanian-Maastrichtian and then from Lower Tertiary pelagic limestone facies passes upwards into post-Ypresian flysch. The different Pelagonian telescoped tectonic units were contemporaneously overthrusting northwestward, over the Subpelagonian post-Ypresian flysch sequence, during the Late Eocene compressive phase, are successively characterized by: (a) a middle tectonic unit of a flyschoidal melange of Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary age, like the Adheres Melange surfaces in Southern Argolis, associated with various carbonate and ophiolite tectonosomes trapped and carried within this highly disrupted terrigenous flyschoidal melange and, (b) an upper unit consists of Cretaceous carbonate slivers bearing serpentinite sole (Palamidi, Akronafplia, Profitis Ilias, Aria) and/or of Middle Triassic-Early Jurassic carbonate platform slices. The above nappe stacking may be connected with the Eocene continental collision of the Hellenides.

scholarly journals Jurassic–Paleogene intraoceanic magmatic evolution of the Ankara Mélange, north-central Anatolia, Turkey

Solid Earth ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sarifakioglu ◽  
Y. Dilek ◽  
M. Sevin
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Oceanic Lithosphere ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
North Central ◽  
Oceanic Plateau ◽  
High K ◽  
Early Paleocene ◽  
Plutonic Rocks

Abstract. Oceanic rocks in the Ankara Mélange along the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone (IAESZ) in north-central Anatolia include locally coherent ophiolite complexes (~ 179 Ma and ~ 80 Ma), seamount or oceanic plateau volcanic units with pelagic and reefal limestones (96.6 ± 1.8 Ma), metamorphic rocks with ages of 256.9 ± 8.0 Ma, 187.4 ± 3.7 Ma, 158.4 ± 4.2 Ma, and 83.5 ± 1.2 Ma indicating northern Tethys during the late Paleozoic through Cretaceous, and subalkaline to alkaline volcanic and plutonic rocks of an island arc origin (~ 67–63 Ma). All but the arc rocks occur in a shale–graywacke and/or serpentinite matrix, and are deformed by south-vergent thrust faults and folds that developed in the middle to late Eocene due to continental collisions in the region. Ophiolitic volcanic rocks have mid-ocean ridge (MORB) and island arc tholeiite (IAT) affinities showing moderate to significant large ion lithophile elements (LILE) enrichment and depletion in Nb, Hf, Ti, Y and Yb, which indicate the influence of subduction-derived fluids in their melt evolution. Seamount/oceanic plateau basalts show ocean island basalt (OIB) affinities. The arc-related volcanic rocks, lamprophyric dikes and syenodioritic plutons exhibit high-K shoshonitic to medium- to high-K calc-alkaline compositions with strong enrichment in LILE, rare earth elements (REE) and Pb, and initial εNd values between +1.3 and +1.7. Subalkaline arc volcanic units occur in the northern part of the mélange, whereas the younger alkaline volcanic rocks and intrusions (lamprophyre dikes and syenodioritic plutons) in the southern part. The late Permian, Early to Late Jurassic, and Late Cretaceous amphibole-epidote schist, epidote-actinolite, epidote-chlorite and epidote-glaucophane schists represent the metamorphic units formed in a subduction channel in the northern Neotethys. The Middle to Upper Triassic neritic limestones spatially associated with the seamount volcanic rocks indicate that the northern Neotethys was an open ocean with its MORB-type oceanic lithosphere by the early Triassic (or earlier). The latest Cretaceous–early Paleocene island arc volcanic, dike and plutonic rocks with subalkaline to alkaline geochemical affinities represent intraoceanic magmatism that developed on and across the subduction–accretion complex above a N-dipping, southward-rolling subducted lithospheric slab within the northern Neotethys. The Ankara Mélange thus exhibits the record of ~ 120–130 million years of oceanic magmatism in geological history of the northern Neotethys.

scholarly journals Late Palaeozoic to Neogene geodynamic evolution of the northeastern Oman margin

2000 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADRIAN IMMENHAUSER ◽  
GUIDO SCHREURS ◽  
EDWIN GNOS ◽  
HEIKO W. OTERDOOM ◽  
BERNHARD HARTMANN
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Carbonate Platform ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Oceanic Lithosphere ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Indian Plate ◽  
Lower Permian ◽  
Extensional Tectonics ◽  
Oman Mountains ◽  
Oblique Convergence

When the highlands of Arabia were still covered with an ice shield in the latest Carboniferous/Early Permian period, separation of Gondwana started. This led to the creation of the Batain basin (part of the early Indian Ocean), off the northeastern margin of Oman. The rifting reactivated an Infra-Cambrian rift shoulder along the northeastern Oman margin and detritus from this high was shed into the interior Oman basin. Whereas carbonate platform deposits became widespread along the margin of the Neo-Tethys (northern rim of Oman), drifting and oceanization of the Batain basin started only in Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous time. Extensional tectonics was followed in the Late Cretaceous by contraction caused by the northward drift of Greater India and Afro-Arabia. This resulted in the collision of Afro-Arabia with an intra-oceanic trench and obduction of the Semail ophiolite and the Hawasina nappes south to southwestward onto the northern Oman margin ∼80 m.y. ago. During the middle Cretaceous, the oceanic lithosphere (including the future eastern ophiolites of Oman) drifted northwards as part of the Indian plate. At the Cretaceous–Palaeogene transition (∼65 Ma), oblique convergence between Greater India and Afro-Arabia caused fragments of the early Indian Ocean to be thrust onto the Batain basin. Subsequently, the Lower Permian to uppermost Maastrichtian sediments and volcanic rocks of the Batain basin, along with fragments of Indian Ocean floor (eastern ophiolites), were obducted northwestward onto the northeastern margin of Oman. Palaeogene neo-autochtonous sedimentary rocks subsequently covered the nappe pile. Tertiary extensional tectonics related to Red Sea rifting in the Late Eocene was followed by Miocene shortening, associated with the collision of Arabia and Eurasia and the formation of the Oman Mountains.

scholarly journals Jurassic–Paleogene intra-oceanic magmatic evolution of the Ankara Mélange, North-Central Anatolia, Turkey

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1941-2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sarifakioglu ◽  
Y. Dilek ◽  
M. Sevin
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Oceanic Lithosphere ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
North Central ◽  
Oceanic Plateau ◽  
High K ◽  
Early Paleocene ◽  
Plutonic Rocks

Abstract. Oceanic rocks in the Ankara Mélange along the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone (IAESZ) in North-Central Anatolia include locally coherent ophiolite complexes (~179 Ma and ~80 Ma), seamount or oceanic plateau volcanic units with pelagic and reefal limestones (96.6 ± 1.8 Ma), metamorphic rocks with ages of 187.4 ± 3.7 Ma, 158.4 ± 4.2 Ma, and 83.5 ± 1.2 Ma, and subalkaline to alkaline volcanic and plutonic rocks of an island arc origin (~67–63 Ma). All but the arc rocks occur in a shaly-graywacke and/or serpentinite matrix, and are deformed by south-vergent thrust faults and folds that developed in the Middle to Late Eocene due to continental collisions in the region. Ophiolitic volcanic rocks have mid-ocean ridge (MORB) and island arc tholeiite (IAT) affinities showing moderate to significant LILE enrichment and depletion in Nb, Hf, Ti, Y and Yb, which indicate the influence of subduction-derived fluids in their melt evolution. Seamount/oceanic plateau basalts show ocean island basalt (OIB) affinities. The arc-related volcanic rocks, lamprophyric dikes and syeno-dioritic plutons exhibit high-K shoshonitic to medium-to high-K calc-alkaline compositions with strong enrichment in LILE, REE and Pb, and initial ϵNd values between +1.3 and +1.7. Subalkaline arc volcanic units occur in the northern part of the mélange, whereas the younger alkaline volcanic rocks and intrusions (lamprophyre dikes and syeno-dioritic plutons) in the southern part. The Early to Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous epidote-actinolite, epidote-chlorite and epidote-glaucophane schists represent the metamorphic units formed in a subduction channel in the Northern Neotethys. The Middle to Upper Triassic neritic limestones spatially associated with the seamount volcanic rocks indicate that the Northern Neotethys was an open ocean with its MORB-type oceanic lithosphere by the Early Triassic. The Latest Cretaceous–Early Paleocene island arc volcanic, dike and plutonic rocks with subalkaline to alkaline geochemical affinities represent intraoceanic magmatism that developed on and across the subduction-accretion complex above a N-dipping, southward-rolling subducted lithospheric slab within the Northern Neotethys. The Ankara Mélange thus exhibits the record of ~120–130 million years of oceanic magmatism in geological history of the Northern Neotethys.

scholarly journals Geographic contingency, not species sorting, dominates macroevolutionary dynamics in an extinct clade of neogastropods (Volutospina; Volutidae)

Paleobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Dana S. Friend ◽  
Brendan M. Anderson ◽  
Warren D. Allmon
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Species Sorting ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Geographic Range Size ◽  
Speciation Rates ◽  
Planktotrophic Larvae

Abstract Rates of speciation and extinction are often linked to many ecological factors, traits (emergent and nonemergent) such as environmental tolerance, body size, feeding type, and geographic range. Marine gastropods in particular have been used to examine the role of larval dispersal in speciation. However, relatively few studies have been conducted placing larval modes in species-level phylogenetic context. Those that have, have not incorporated fossil data, while landmark macroevolutionary studies on fossil clades have not considered both phylogenetic context and net speciation (speciation–extinction) rates. This study utilizes Eocene volutid Volutospina species from the U.S. Gulf Coastal Plain and the Hampshire Basin, U.K., to explore the relationships among larval mode, geographic range, and duration. Based on the phylogeny of these Volutospina, we calculated speciation and extinction rates in order to compare the macroevolutionary effects of larval mode. Species with planktotrophic larvae had a median duration of 9.7 Myr, which compared significantly to 4.7 Myr for those with non-planktotrophic larvae. Larval mode did not significantly factor into geographic-range size, but U.S. and U.K. species do differ, indicating a locality-specific component to maximum geographic-range size. Non-planktotrophs (NPTs)were absent among the Volutospina species during the Paleocene–early Eocene. The relative proportions of NPTs increased in the early middle Eocene, and the late Eocene was characterized by disappearance of planktotrophs (PTs). The pattern of observed lineage diversity shows an increasing preponderance of NPTs; however, this is clearly driven by a dramatic extinction of PTs, rather than higher NPT speciation rates during the late Eocene. This study adds nuance to paleontology's understanding of the macroevolutionary consequences of larval mode.

scholarly journals Impact of mid Eocene greenhouse warming on America’s southernmost floras

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damián A. Fernández ◽  
Luis Palazzesi ◽  
M. Sol González Estebenet ◽  
M. Cristina Tellería ◽  
Viviana D. Barreda
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Spores And Pollen ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Nonparametric Estimators ◽  
Southern Patagonia ◽  
Marine Realm ◽  
High Diversity

AbstractA major climate shift took place about 40 Myr ago—the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum or MECO—triggered by a significant rise of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The biotic response to this MECO is well documented in the marine realm, but poorly explored in adjacent landmasses. Here, we quantify the response of the floras from America’s southernmost latitudes based on the analysis of terrestrially derived spores and pollen grains from the mid-late Eocene (~46–34 Myr) of southern Patagonia. Robust nonparametric estimators indicate that floras in southern Patagonia were in average ~40% more diverse during the MECO than pre-MECO and post-MECO intervals. The high atmospheric CO2 and increasing temperatures may have favored the combination of neotropical migrants with Gondwanan species, explaining in part the high diversity that we observed during the MECO. Our reconstructed biota reflects a greenhouse world and offers a climatic and ecological deep time scenario of an ice-free sub-Antarctic realm.

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