Divergent life-history races do not represent Chinook salmon coast-wide: the importance of scale in Quaternary biogeography

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Moran ◽  
David J. Teel ◽  
Michael A. Banks ◽  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
M. Renee Bellinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Isostatic Rebound ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Population Genetic Variation

The dynamic Quaternary geology of the Pacific Ring of Fire created substantial challenges for biogeography. Fish life history and population genetic variation were shaped by climate change, repeated formation and subsidence of ice sheets, sea-level change, volcanism and tectonics, isostatic rebound, and now human activities. It is widely recognized in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that parallel evolution and phenotypic plasticity have obscured range-wide patterns of life-history segregation with evolutionary lineage, yet the idea of the lineages themselves persists. We employed a large, internationally standardized, microsatellite data set to explore population structure at coast-wide scale and test for two divergent lineages, whether or not related to life history. We found at least 27 distinct lineages. However, relationships among groups were poorly resolved — essentially a star phylogeny. We found pervasive isolation by distance among groups, complicating cluster analysis. Only in the interior Columbia River (east of the Cascade Mountains) is there a deep genetic bifurcation that supports both the two-lineage hypothesis and the life-history segregation hypothesis. This broad-scale perspective helps reconcile different views of Chinook salmon phylogeography and life-history distribution.

Spatially overlapping salmon species have varied population response to early life history mortality from increased peak flows

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Colin L. Nicol ◽  
Jeffrey C. Jorgensen ◽  
Caleb B. Fogel ◽  
Britta Timpane-Padgham ◽  
Timothy J. Beechie
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Peak Flows ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
The Pacific

In the Pacific Northwest, USA, climate change is expected to result in a shift in average hydrologic conditions and increase variability. The relative vulnerabilities to peak flow changes among salmonid species within the same basin have not been widely evaluated. We assessed the impacts of predicted increases in peak flows on four salmonid populations in the Chehalis River basin. Coupling observations of peak flows, emissions projections, and multi-stage Beverton–Holt matrix-type life cycle models, we ran 100-year simulations of spawner abundance under baseline, mid-century, and late-century climate change scenarios. Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) shared the highest projected increase in interannual variability (SD = ±15%). Spring Chinook salmon had the greatest reduction in median spawner abundance (–13% to –15%), followed by coho and fall Chinook salmon (–7% to –9%), then steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (–4%). Our results show that interspecies and life history variability within a single basin is important to consider. Species with diverse age structures are partially buffered from population variability, which may increase population resilience to climate change.

Contribution of three life history types to smolt production in a Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) population

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 1658-1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Copeland ◽  
David A. Venditti
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Initial Cohort ◽  
Study Population

The most productive juvenile life history in the Pahsimeroi River Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; Idaho, USA) population (in terms of smolt production) is being eliminated. Length at emigration and survival from spawning areas to Lower Granite Dam within each of three juvenile phenotypes (age-0 smolts, fall parr, age-1 smolts) were influenced by initial cohort abundance. The proportion of age-1 emigrants reaching Lower Granite Dam was dome-shaped with respect to initial cohort abundance. As initial abundance increased, higher proportions of juveniles adopted the age-1 smolt phenotype or emigrated as fall parr. The age-0 smolt phenotype had the highest relative survival, and the fall parr phenotype, the lowest. The contributions of each emigrant type to cohort smolt production varied with circumstances; hence, the full expression of phenotypic diversity is important to the study population. However, there were no records of tagged age-0 smolts surviving to return from the Pacific Ocean. Given the potential productivity of this life history, management and recovery efforts should be directed at the age-0 smolt phenotype.

Examining the potential of otolith chemistry to determine natal origins of wild Lake Michigan Chinook salmon

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2035-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. Maguffee ◽  
Reneé Reilly ◽  
Richard Clark ◽  
Michael L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Otolith Microchemistry ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wide Scale

Previous research has demonstrated a large movement of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from Lake Huron to Lake Michigan, suggesting the potential for wild fish to exhibit similar movement patterns. We assessed the feasibility of using otolith microchemistry to estimate the natal source composition of wild Chinook salmon in Lake Michigan and evaluate interbasin movement. Otolith pairs were extracted from juvenile and adult fish collected in 2015 and 2016 from Great Lakes tributaries. Otoliths were analyzed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine trace element concentrations, and four multivariate classification algorithms were evaluated for classification accuracy. Juvenile data reclassified to their natal regions with up to 89% success on a basin level, with a random forest approach performing the best among all models. Assigning adults to their natal origins resulted in more success on a basin-wide scale (74% to 88%) compared with a regional scale (32% to 51%), but success was still below juvenile reclassification accuracy. Our findings suggest that otolith microchemistry can be used to estimate wild Chinook salmon interbasin movement and that classification accuracy can be improved by matching juvenile and adult year classes in our assessment samples. Ultimately, we intend to use these models to assess the effects of wild Chinook salmon interbasin movement on Lake Michigan predatory demand and evaluate the risks of various stocking alternatives.

Precocial male maturation in laboratory-reared populations of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1665-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Migration Distance ◽  
Pacific Salmonids

The incidence of precocial male maturation in yearling chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, was examined in four laboratory-reared populations. Slim Creek and Bowron River chinook salmon were about 4 weeks older than Harrison and Nanaimo river chinook salmon when sampled (14 vs. 13 months of age), but were also 20–40 g smaller. Approximately 29, 12, 0, and 0% of all males were precocious in Bowron River, Slim Creek, Harrison River, and Nanaimo River chinook salmon, respectively. Precocial male chinook salmon had gonadosomatic indices of about 5–6%, whereas immature salmon from all populations had indices under 1%. Precocial male chinook salmon were more robust bodied than immature salmon; precocial males had deeper bodies, deeper heads, and larger adipose fins. Variation among the study populations in the incidence of precocial male maturation may be related to differences among the populations in migration distance to the sea or in juvenile freshwater rearing life history. The chinook salmon would probably be a productive species with which to study the evolutionary ecology of precocial maturity in Pacific salmonids.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal covariability in early ocean survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) along the west coast of North America

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1671-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Patrick Kilduff ◽  
Louis W. Botsford ◽  
Steven L. H. Teo
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Correlation Scale

Abstract Knowledge of the spatial and temporal extent of covariation in survival during the critical ocean entry stage will improve our understanding of how changing ocean conditions influence salmon productivity and management. We used data from the Pacific coastwide coded-wire tagging program to investigate local and regional patterns of ocean survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Central Valley of California to southeastern Alaska from 1980–2006. Ocean survival of fish migrating as subyearlings covaried strongly from Vancouver Island to California. Short-term correlations between adjacent regions indicated this covariability increased, beginning in the early 1990s. Chinook salmon survivals exhibited a larger spatial scale of variability (50% correlation scale: 706 km) than those reported for other northeast Pacific Ocean salmon. This scale is similar to that of environmental variables related to ecosystem productivity, such as summer upwelling (50% correlation scale: 746 km) and sea surface temperature (50% correlation scale: 500–600 km). Chinook salmon ocean survival rates from southeastern Alaska and south of Vancouver Island were not inversely correlated, in contrast to earlier observations based on catch data, but note that our data differ in temporal and spatial coverage from those studies. The increased covariability in Chinook salmon ocean survival suggests that the marine phase contributes little to the reduction in risk across populations attributable to the portfolio effect. In addition, survival of fish migrating as yearlings from the Columbia River covaried with Chinook salmon survival from the northernmost regions, consistent with our understanding of their migration patterns.

scholarly journals Juvenile life-history diversity and population stability of spring Chinook salmon in the Willamette River basin, Oregon

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 921-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kirk Schroeder ◽  
Luke D. Whitman ◽  
Brian Cannon ◽  
Paul Olmsted
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Juvenile Salmon ◽  
Population Stability ◽  
Willamette River ◽  
June July ◽  
Willamette River Basin

Migratory and rearing pathways of juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were documented in the Willamette River basin to identify life histories and estimate their contribution to smolt production and population stability. We identified six primary life histories that included two phenotypes for early migratory tactics: fry that migrated up to 140–200 km shortly after emergence (movers) and fish that reared for 8–16 months in natal areas (stayers). Peak emigration of juvenile salmon from the Willamette River was in June–July (subyearling smolts), March–May (yearling smolts), and November–December (considered as “autumn smolts”). Alternative migratory behaviors of juvenile salmon were associated with extensive use of diverse habitats that eventually encompassed up to 400 rkm of the basin, including tributaries in natal areas and large rivers. Juvenile salmon that reared in natal reaches and migrated as yearlings were the most prevalent life history and had the lowest temporal variability. However, the total productivity of the basin was increased by the contribution of fish with dispersive life histories, which represented over 50% of the total smolt production. Life-history diversity reduced the variability in the total smolt population by 35% over the weighted mean of individual life histories, providing evidence of a considerable portfolio effect through the asynchronous contributions of life histories. Protecting and restoring a diverse suite of connected habitats in the Willamette River basin will promote the development and expression of juvenile life histories, thereby providing stability and resilience to native salmon populations.

scholarly journals Survival of a threatened salmon is linked to spatial variability in river conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colby L. Hause ◽  
Gabriel P. Singer ◽  
Rebecca A. Buchanan ◽  
Dennis E. Cocherell ◽  
Nann A. Fangue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Habitat Variability ◽  
River Habitat ◽  
San Joaquin River ◽  
The Pacific

AbstractExtirpation of the Central Valley spring-run Chinook Salmon ESU (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the San Joaquin River is emblematic of salmonid declines across the Pacific Northwest. Habitat restoration and fish reintroduction efforts are ongoing, but recent telemetry studies have revealed low outmigration survival of juveniles to the ocean. Previous investigations have focused on modeling survival relative to river discharge and geographic regions, but have largely overlooked the effects of habitat variability. To evaluate the link between environmental conditions and survival of juvenile spring-run Chinook Salmon, we combined high spatial resolution habitat mapping approaches with acoustic telemetry along a 150 km section of the San Joaquin River during the spring of 2019. While overall outmigration survival was low (5%), our habitat-based classification scheme described variation in survival of acoustic-tagged smolts better than other candidate models based on geography or distance. There were two regional mortality sinks evident along the longitudinal profile of the river, revealing poor survival in areas that shared warmer temperatures but that diverged in chlorophyll-α, fDOM, turbidity and dissolved oxygen levels. These findings demonstrate the value of integrating river habitat classification frameworks to improve our understanding of survival dynamics of imperiled fish populations. Importantly, our data generation and modeling methods can be applied to a wide variety of fish species that transit heterogeneous and diverse habitat types.

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