Lipopolysaccharide glycotyping of clarithromycin-resistant and clarithromycin-susceptible Canadian isolates ofHelicobacter pylori

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Altman ◽  
Blair A. Harrison ◽  
Vandana Chandan ◽  
Robert Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Immunofluorescence ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Sugar Analysis ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Caga Status ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
The Relationship

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Helicobacter pylori exhibits several unique structures, such as Lewis (Le) antigens, α-1,6-glucan, and dd-heptan. To investigate the relationship between LPS structure and resistance to clarithromycin, 41 Canadian isolates of H. pylori were characterized by whole-cell ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), sugar analysis, immunoblotting, and indirect immunofluorescence. The expression of type 2 Lewis X and (or) Lewis Y antigens was detected in 22 of 23 (95.7%) clarithromycin-resistant and in 14 of 18 (77.7%) clarithromycin-susceptible H. pylori strains (P < 0.05), and 8 isolates co-expressed type 1 and type 2 Le antigens (8/41, 19.5%). A significantly higher frequency of α-1,6-glucan (P < 0.01) was detected in clarithromycin-resistant strains than in clarithromycin-susceptible strains (19/23 (82.6%) versus 11/18 (61.1%)). Sugar analysis of selected α-1,6-glucan-positive H. pylori strains confirmed that they frequently contained elevated amounts of dd-heptose. Clarithromycin-resistant isolates were also characterized by low expression levels or absence of CagA (17/23, 73.9%). Indirect immunofluorescence studies carried out on selected H. pylori strains with rabbit immune sera specific for α-1,6-glucan confirmed broad recognition of α-1,6-glucan epitope. The binding was not affected by LPS glycotype of H. pylori isolates examined nor by their CagA status or resistance to clarithromycin. These findings suggest α-1,6-glucan as a potential vaccine target, especially in an era of increasing clarithromycin resistance in H. pylori.

Comparing the Arrangements of Governance and Sustainable Development in OECD Countries: Coupled or Decoupled?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Huh Taewook
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type Analysis ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study attempts to analyze to what extent governance and sustainable development (SD) empirically appear compatible in the thirtyfive OECD countries through the fuzzy-set ideal type analysis, and identify which ideal types appear coupled or decoupled, and then reveal which countries belong to the coupled types or to the decoupled types. In short, twenty-two countries (including Sweden (fuzzy score, 0.953), Denmark (0.920), Finland (0.914), Norway (0.911) in Type 1 (G*S, ‘strong G-S coupled countries’); and Turkey (0.906), Greece (0.833), Mexico (0.828) in Type 4 (g*s, ‘lite g-s coupled countries’) are in line with the accepted conventions regarding the compatible relationship between governance and SD. On the other hand, the rest of thirteen countries (including USA (fuzzy score, 0.815), Luxembourg (0.721), Australia (0.660) in Type 2 (G*s, ‘G-s decoupled countries’); and Slovenia (0.728), France (0.644), Czech Rep. (0.625) in Type 3 (g*S, ‘g-S decoupled countries’) may indicate that the relationship of governance and SD is in fact experiencing tensions in the national contexts. These findings are characterized by the substance (of SD) and procedure (of governance) divide. Considering the results, this study focuses on the idea of reflexivity or reflexive capacity.

scholarly journals Prominent interior GE-filters of GE-algebras

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 13432-13447
Author(s):  
Seok-Zun Song ◽  
◽  
Ravikumar Bandaru ◽  
Young Bae Jun ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Relationship

<abstract><p>The concept of a prominent interior GE-filter (of type 1 and type 2) is introduced, and their properties are investigated. The relationship between a prominent GE-filter and a prominent interior GE-filter and the relationship between an interior GE-filter and a prominent interior GE-filter are discussed. Examples to show that any interior GE-filter is not a prominent interior GE-filter and any prominent GE-filter is not a prominent interior GE-filter are provided. Conditions for an interior GE-filter to be a prominent interior GE-filter are given. Also, conditions under which an internal GE-filter larger than a given internal GE filter can become a prominent internal GE-filter are considered, and an example describing it is given. The relationship between a prominent interior GE-filter and a prominent interior GE-filter of type 1 is discussed.</p></abstract>

Characterization of damage and biotic factors associated with the decline of Eucalyptus wandoo in southwest Western Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 2589-2602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J Hooper ◽  
K Sivasithamparam
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Partial Harvest ◽  
Foliage Density ◽  
Density Ratios ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mixed Age ◽  
Eucalyptus Wandoo

Crown decline of wandoo, Eucalyptus wandoo, in southwest Western Australia has escalated over the last 10 years, so very few unaffected stands remain. To assess the canopy-damage characteristics of trees in decline a destructive, partial-harvest method was used to sample branches in natural mixed-age stands. Necrosis of common cankers was closely associated with type-1 borer damage, characterized by "longitudinal" gallery structure on declining trees only. Cankers were found to be consistently more severe on declining trees, with decay regions affecting a greater proportion of sapwood tissue. Several infestations causing type-1 borer damage that varied in age were found on declining branches, providing evidence of cyclical damage events. Type-2 borer damage characterized by "ring-barking" gallery structure caused extensive damage in canopies, but was not always associated with decline. Interactions between foliage density and canker score showed that 17.8% and 63.1% of the variability in foliage-density ratios was accounted for in declining intermediate-health and unhealthy classes, respectively. The relationship was negligible for the healthy class (9.9%), providing strong evidence that cankers are causing foliage loss in declining canopies. Evidence suggests that an interaction between type-1 borer infestations and decay-causing fungi is responsible for the decline in E. wandoo wandoo canopies.

scholarly journals Novel Functions for Glycosyltransferases Jhp0562 and GalT in Lewis Antigen Synthesis and Variation in Helicobacter pylori

2012 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1593-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Pohl ◽  
Sabine Kienesberger ◽  
Martin J. Blaser
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sequence Analyses ◽  
Upstream Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lewis Antigen ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
H Pylori

ABSTRACTLewis (Le) antigens are fucosylated oligosaccharides present in theHelicobacter pylorilipopolysaccharide. Expression of these antigens is believed to be important forH. pyloricolonization, since Le antigens also are expressed on the gastric epithelia in humans. A galactosyltransferase encoded by β-(1,3)galTis essential for production of type 1 (Leaand Leb) antigens. The upstream genejhp0562, which is present in many but not allH. pyloristrains, is homologous to β-(1,3)galTbut is of unknown function. BecauseH. pyloridemonstrates extensive intragenomic recombination, we hypothesized that these two genes could undergo DNA rearrangement. A PCR screen and subsequent sequence analyses revealed that the two genes can recombine at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. Chimeric β-(1,3)galT-like alleles can restore function in a β-(1,3)galTnull mutant, but neither native nor recombinantjhp0562can. Mutagenesis ofjhp0562revealed that it is essential for synthesis of both type 1 and type 2 Le antigens. Transcriptional analyses of both loci showed β-(1,3)galTexpression in all wild-type (WT) and mutant strains tested, whereasjhp0562was not expressed injhp0562null mutants, as expected. Sincejhp0562unexpectedly displayed functions in both type 1 and type 2 Le synthesis, we asked whethergalT, part of the type 2 synthesis pathway, had analogous functions in type 1 synthesis. Mutagenesis and complementation analysis confirmed thatgalTis essential for Lebproduction. In total, these results demonstrate thatgalTandjhp0562have functions that cross the expected Le synthesis pathways and thatjhp0562provides a substrate for intragenomic recombination to generate diverse Le synthesis enzymes.

scholarly journals Helicobacter pylori–binding nonacid glycosphingolipids in the human stomach

2018 ◽  
Vol 293 (44) ◽  
pp. 17248-17266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunsheng Jin ◽  
Angela Barone ◽  
Thomas Borén ◽  
Susann Teneberg
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Human Stomach ◽  
Carbohydrate Binding ◽  
Human Gastric Mucosa ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Contrast Information

Helicobacter pylori has a number of well-characterized carbohydrate-binding adhesins (BabA, SabA, and LabA) that promote adhesion to the gastric mucosa. In contrast, information on the glycoconjugates present in the human stomach remains unavailable. Here, we used MS and binding of carbohydrate-recognizing ligands to characterize the glycosphingolipids of three human stomachs from individuals with different blood group phenotypes (O(Rh−)P, A(Rh+)P, and A(Rh+)p), focusing on compounds recognized by H. pylori. We observed a high degree of structural complexity, and the composition of glycosphingolipids differed among individuals with different blood groups. The type 2 chain was the dominating core chain of the complex glycosphingolipids in the human stomach, in contrast to the complex glycosphingolipids in the human small intestine, which have mainly a type 1 core. H. pylori did not bind to the O(Rh−)P stomach glycosphingolipids, whose major complex glycosphingolipids were neolactotetraosylceramide, the Lex, Lea, and H type 2 pentaosylceramides, and the Ley hexaosylceramide. Several H. pylori-binding compounds were present among the A(Rh+)P and A(Rh+)p stomach glycosphingolipids. Ligands for BabA-mediated binding of H. pylori were the Leb hexaosylceramide, the H type 1 pentaosylceramide, and the A type 1/ALeb heptaosylceramide. Additional H. pylori-binding glycosphingolipids recognized by BabA-deficient strains were lactosylceramide, lactotetraosylceramide, the x2 pentaosylceramide, and neolactohexaosylceramide. Our characterization of human gastric receptors required for H. pylori adhesion provides a basis for the development of specific compounds that inhibit the binding of this bacterium to the human gastric mucosa.

Pathways to adversity and speaker affectedness: On the emergence of unaccusative ‘give’ constructions in Chinese

Linguistics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weirong Chen ◽  
Foong Ha Yap
Keyword(s):  
General Term ◽  
Southern Min ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the characteristics of unaccusative ‘give’ constructions in Chinese, and additionally identify the pathways for their emergence in some Chinese dialects, in particular Southern Min and Mandarin varieties.In this paper, the termsdialectandvarietyare sometimes used interchangeably, with the termvarietybeing the more general term that can also include variations within dialects.We distinguish between Type 1 and Type 2 unaccusative ‘give’ constructions, the former involving reversible ‘escape’-type intransitive predicates, and the latter irreversible ‘die’-type intransitive predicates. Type 1 constructions are attested in many Chinese varieties, such as Mandarin, Min, Wu, Hui, Hakka and Cantonese, whereas Type 2 constructions are more rare and thus far are mainly attested in Southern Min and some Mandarin varieties. Two major pathways in the development of unaccusative ‘give’ constructions are identified in this paper, namely, the causative pathway and the passive-mediated pathway. Our analysis also traces how the unaccusative ‘give’ construction develops into a marker of adversity and speaker affectedness. The findings of this study have implications for understanding the relationship between changes in valence (i.e., the number of core arguments that are profiled in a given construction) and speaker’s subjective stance.

scholarly journals A Case Report of Congenital Fiber Type Disproportion with an Increased Level of Anti-ACh Receptor Antibodies

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Shigemi Kimura ◽  
Shiro Ozasa ◽  
Keiko Nomura ◽  
Hirofumi Kosuge ◽  
Kowasi Yoshioka
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Achr Antibody ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Muscle Hypotonia ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Receptor Antibodies

Congenital fiber type disproportion (CFTD) is a form of congenital myopathy, which is defined by type 1 myofibers that are 12% smaller than type 2 myofibers, as well as a general predominance of type 1 myofibers. Conversely, myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired immune-mediated disease, in which the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) of the neuromuscular junction is blocked by antibodies. Thus, the anti-AChR antibody is nearly specific to MG. Herein, we report on a case of CFTD with increased anti-AChR antibody levels. A 23-month-old boy exhibited muscle hypotonia and weakness. Although he could walk by himself, he easily fell down and could not control his head for a long time. His blood test was positive for the anti-AChR antibody, while a muscle biopsy revealed characteristics of CFTD. We could not explain the relationship between MG and CFTD. However, we considered different diagnoses aside from MG, even when the patient’s blood is positive for the anti-AChR antibody.

Depression and the Reporting of Diabetes Symptoms

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Lustman ◽  
Ray E. Clouse ◽  
Robert M. Carney
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Control ◽  
Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽  
Blood Glucose Control ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of diabetes symptoms to current mood and general metabolic control was studied. Symptoms commonly associated with poorly controlled diabetes (e.g., thirst, polyuria, weight loss) were measured in 114 patients with diabetes mellitus (type 1 = 57, type 2 = 57). Scores for these individual symptoms were correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) and depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). HbA1 was poorly correlated ( r < 0.2) with nine of the eleven symptoms and made a significant independent contribution only to the reporting of polyuria ( p = 0.04). In contrast, depression was moderately correlated with nine symptoms and had a significant effect on the reporting of two of three hyperglycemic symptoms, five of six hypoglycemic symptoms, and both nonspecific symptoms of poor control ( p < 0.05 for each). We conclude that many reported symptoms often attributed to diabetes are more related to depressive mood than to a conventional clinical measure of blood glucose control. Diabetes symptoms may be unreliable indicators of poor metabolic control when features suggestive of depression are present.

scholarly journals Helicobacter pyloriInfection Is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes, Not Type 1 Diabetes: An Updated Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Zhen Li ◽  
Jie-Yao Li ◽  
Ting-Feng Wu ◽  
Ji-Hao Xu ◽  
Can-Ze Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Knowledge Database ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
The Difference ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Type 1 Dm

Background. Extragastric manifestations ofHelicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection have been reported in many diseases. However, there are still controversies about whetherH. pyloriinfection is associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). This study was aimed at answering the question.Methods. A systematic search of the literature from January 1996 to January 2016 was conducted in PubMed, Embase databases, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Wanfang Data, China national knowledge database, and SinoMed. Published studies reportingH. pyloriinfection in both DM and non-DM individuals were recruited.Results. 79 studies with 57,397 individuals were included in this meta-analysis. The prevalence ofH. pyloriinfection in DM group (54.9%) was significantly higher than that (47.5%) in non-DM group (OR = 1.69,P<0.001). The difference was significant in comparison between type 2 DM group and non-DM group (OR = 2.05), but not in that between type 1 DM group and non-DM group (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.77–1.96,P=0.38).Conclusion. Our meta-analysis suggested that there is significantly higher prevalence ofH. pyloriinfection in DM patients as compared to non-DM individuals. And the difference is associated with type 2 DM but not type 1 DM.

scholarly journals Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity Is Not Independently Associated With Worse Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Neonates

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Altendahl ◽  
Myung Shin Sim ◽  
Artemiy Kokhanov ◽  
Bradley Gundlach ◽  
Irena Tsui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Type 1 Rop

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) severity and neurodevelopmental outcomes in premature neonates at 0–36 months corrected age.Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on 228 neonates screened for ROP at the UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital between 2011 and 2018. Demographic information, clinical outcomes, ROP severity (no ROP, type 1 ROP, type 2 ROP), and Bayley-III neurodevelopmental scores were collected. Infants were grouped into corrected age cohorts (0–12, 12–24, and 24–36 months) to assess neurodevelopmental outcomes with increasing age. Within each age cohort, ANOVA and Chi-Square testing were used to detect differences in birth characteristics and neurodevelopmental scores between infants with type 1 ROP, type 2 ROP, or no ROP. Univariable analyses assessed the relationship between ROP severity and neurodevelopmental outcomes within each age cohort. A multivariable analysis was then performed to determine if ROP severity remained significantly associated with worse neurodevelopmental scores after controlling for birth weight (BW), intraventricular hemorrhage grade (IVH), health insurance type, male sex, and age at Bayley testing.Results: Without controlling for factors associated with prematurity, neonates with type 1 ROP had poorer cognition (p = 0.001) and motor (p = 0.006) scores at ages 0–12 months and poorer cognition (p = 0.01), language (p = 0.04) and motor (p = 0.04) scores at ages 12–24 months than infants without ROP, but no significant differences were detected at ages 24–36 months. After adjusting for BW, IVH, insurance type, male sex, and age at Bayley testing, ROP severity was no longer associated with worse neurodevelopmental scores in any domain.Conclusion: This study emphasizes that poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm neonates are most likely related to lower birthweight, associated co-morbidities of prematurity, and socioeconomic factors such as health insurance, not severity of ROP itself.

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