THE PHOTO-ELECTRIC MEASUREMENT AND PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING OF DAYLIGHT

1931 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 559-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wallace A. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Photographic Recording ◽  
Remarkable Increase ◽  
Photographic Record ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Electric Measurement ◽  
Direct Illumination ◽  
Indirect Illumination

A method is described by which illumination intensities were measured by a photo-electric cell and galvanometer, and a continuous photographic record obtained of the variations of intensity over a period of time during which the ground was covered with snow.It was found that a remarkable increase in the illumination was caused by the presence of cloudiness with full sunshine. The percentage increase due to this condition in many cases was 20–30%, and on one occasion it was as high as 40%.When there was a cloud over the sun, with most of the sky clear, the decrease in illumination was found to vary up to 35%, depending on the density of the cloud, and on many occasions it was observed that the increase in indirect illumination due to overhead cloudiness more than balanced the decrease of direct illumination when the sun was partly hidden. From this it is concluded that the intensity may be greater with the sun partly hidden than at the same time of day with a clear sky.

scholarly journals Possible values of UV index in Serbia

2008 ◽  
Vol 136 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 640-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milorad Letic
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Total Column Ozone ◽  
Uv Index ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
June July ◽  
Column Ozone ◽  
Ozone Column

INTRODUCTION UV Index is an indicator of human exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) rays. The numerical values of the UV Index range from 1-11 and above. There are three levels of protection against UV radiation; low values of the UV Index - protection is not required, medium values of the UV Index - protection is recommended and high values of the UV Index - protection is obligatory. The value of the UV Index primarily depends on the elevation of the sun and total ozone column. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to determine the intervals of possible maximal annual values of the UV Index in Serbia in order to determine the necessary level of protection in a simple manner. METHOD For maximal and minimal expected values of total column ozone and for maximal elevation of the sun, the value of the UV Index was determined for each month in the Northern and Southern parts of Serbia. These values were compared with the forecast of the UV Index. RESULTS Maximal clear sky values of the UV Index in Serbia for altitudes up to 500m in May, June, July and August can be 9 or even 10, and not less than 5 or 6. During November, December, January and February the UV Index can be 4 at most. During March, April, September and October the expected values of the UV Index are maximally 7 and not less than 3. The forecast of the UV Index is within these limits in 98% of comparisons. CONCLUSION The described method of determination of possible UV Index values showed a high agreement with forecasts. The obtained results can be used for general recommendations in the protection against UV radiation.

scholarly journals Seasonal variations in the incidence of auroral radio absorption events at very high latitude, and the influence of the magnetotail

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Hargreaves
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Polar Region ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Magnetic Activity ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
The Sun ◽  
South Pole ◽  
Very High

Abstract. A statistical analysis has been made of the incidence of auroral radio absorption events at South Pole, and of its dependence on basic geophysical parameters such as season, time of day, and magnetic activity level. It is found that at low and moderate levels of activity the incidence of events in the winter season is at least twice that in the summer. However, at high activity no events at all occurred during the local summer night, which appears to be explicable as the effect of the magnetotail and the consequent distortion of the magnetosphere when the southern polar region is tilted strongly towards the Sun. Previous results from even higher latitudes show the effect in an even more exaggerated form, in that both the day and night periods of absorption activity exhibit strong seasonal variations.

scholarly journals 913: When the sun goes down - effect of time of day on perinatal adverse outcome following vacuum assisted vaginal deliveries

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (1) ◽  
pp. S521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Salman ◽  
Eran Hadar ◽  
Amir Aviram ◽  
Arnon Wiznitzer ◽  
Rony Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Outcome ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries

Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies

2007 ◽  
Vol 463 (2080) ◽  
pp. 1081-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón Hegedüs ◽  
Susanne Åkesson ◽  
Rüdiger Wehner ◽  
Gábor Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Linear Polarization ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Birefringent Crystal ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Skylight Polarization ◽  
Imaging Polarimetry

In sunshine, the Vikings navigated on the open sea using sundials. According to a widespread hypothesis, when the Sun was occluded by fog or clouds the Vikings might have navigated by skylight polarization detected with an enigmatic birefringent crystal (sunstone). There are two atmospheric optical prerequisites for this alleged polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy/cloudy skies: (1) the degree of linear polarization p of skylight should be high enough and (2) at a given Sun position, the pattern of the angle of polarization α of the foggy/cloudy sky should be similar to that of the clear sky. Until now, these prerequisites have not been investigated. Using full-sky imaging polarimetry, we measured the p - and α -patterns of Arctic foggy and cloudy skies when the Sun was invisible. These patterns were compared with the polarization patterns of clear Arctic skies. We show here that although prerequisite (2) is always fulfilled under both foggy and cloudy conditions, if the fog layer is illuminated by direct sunlight, prerequisite (1) is usually satisfied only for cloudy skies. In sunlit fog, the Vikings could have navigated by polarization only, if p of light from the foggy sky was sufficiently high.

ASTROPHYSICAL DATA FROM EASTERN CANADA

1930 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 396-402
Author(s):  
A. Brooker Klugh ◽  
W. Reginald Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Full Moon ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Total Radiation ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Natural Radiation ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Effect Of Light

On account of investigations on the effect of light on various marine and freshwater organisms which are being carried on at the Atlantic Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B., Canada, it was necessary to know something of the energy values of sunlight, especially of its ultra-violet component, and also of moonlight. Consequently a Moll-Richard-Gorczynski pyrheliometer, and various other apparatus for measuring natural radiation, were brought into use in the summer of 1926. It was found that the sun, shining from a clear sky in June at this Station (Lat. 45° N. sea-level) had an energy value of 1.55 gm. cal. per sq. cm. per min., and data on the effects of clouds and haze were obtained. The ultra-violet component of the sun's radiation was found to be 2% of the total radiation in August. The energy value of the light of the full moon, at an elevation of 22° above the horizon in July was found to be 0.0000029 gm. cal. per sq. cm. per min., or about 1/555,000 that of full noon June sunlight.

scholarly journals In vitro basal and GnRH-stimulated secretion of gonadotrophins reflects long-lasting modulatory effects, and peripheral levels are not predicted by pituitary responsiveness to GnRH

1999 ◽  
pp. 512-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Evans ◽  
S Janmohamed
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Basal Release ◽  
Time Courses

OBJECTIVE: Production of the appropriate pattern of gonadotrophin levels is crucial to proper functioning of the female reproductive system. We aimed to establish whether the pituitary has invariant secretory characteristics when isolated from in vivo controls. We aimed to obtain information during both the rising and declining phases of the gonadotrophin surge. DESIGN: This study investigated factors that are directed at the pituitary by isolating it from the acute influences of the in vivo environment and studying gonadotrophin secretion in vitro. METHODS: Pituitaries of adult female rats were collected at selected times during the day of pro-oestrus and incubated in vitro, and at the same time blood was collected. Peripheral levels of LH and FSH were measured over the whole day of pro-oestrus, basal in vitro secretions of LH and FSH from pituitaries were measured, GnRH-stimulated LH and FSH secretion were assessed, and the responsiveness of LH and FSH secretion to GnRH were calculated. RESULTS: Peripheral levels of LH peaked at 1800 h (P<0.02) followed by a subsequent decline. In contrast, although FSH had a peak at 1800 h (P<0.01), serum levels were also high at the end pro-oestrus. The profile of basal LH and FSH secretion from the pituitary in vitro, in the absence of added secretagogue, resembled that of the peripheral blood levels of each gonadotrophin. Pituitaries collected at 1800 h secreted most LH (P<0. 02). FSH secretion was low early on the day of pro-oestrus and then increased to and was maintained at high levels in the last quarter of the day (P<0.01).When the pituitaries were stimulated with GnRH the patterns of LH release and FSH release approximated those observed for basal release. Responsiveness of the pituitaries to GnRH was calculated by determining the ratio of GnRH-stimulated release to basal release. However, low levels of gonadotrophin were secreted even from pituitaries which were highly responsive as determined from consideration of percentage increase in secretion induced by GnRH. CONCLUSIONS: The secretory activity was dependent on the time of day the pituitaries were collected. Since the secretion occurred after the tissue had been removed from the direct influence of the in vivo environment, the variations in secretion must reflect long-lasting components of the mechanism that regulate gonadotrophin concentrations. There were changes in both LH and FSH responsiveness to GnRH stimulation over the day of pro-oestrus. Delineation of the time courses and changing predominance of multiple processes is needed to assist understanding the mechanisms underlying the female reproductive cycle.

scholarly journals Retrieval of characteristic parameters for water vapour transmittance in the development of ground based sun-sky radiometric measurements of columnar water vapour

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 8071-8105
Author(s):  
M. Campanelli ◽  
T. Nakajima ◽  
P. Khatri ◽  
T. Takamura ◽  
A. Uchiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Microwave Radiometer ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
Time Pattern ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Water Vapour Absorption ◽  
Atmospheric Transmittance

Abstract. Sun-sky radiometers are instruments created for aerosol study, but they can measure in the water vapour absorption band allowing the estimation of columnar water vapour in clear sky simultaneously with aerosol characteristics, with high temporal resolution. A new methodology, cheap and easy to implement, is presented for estimating calibration parameters (i.e. characteristic parameters of the atmospheric transmittance and solar calibration constant) directly from the sun-sky radiometers measurements. To initiate the proposed methodology some seasonal independent measurements of columnar water vapour taken over a large range of solar zenith angle simultaneously with the sun-sky radiometer measurements, are needed. In this work the Surface Humidity Method (SHM) was developed allowing to initiate the procedure with columnar water vapour estimated by standard surface meteorological observation (temperature, pressure and relative humidity). The time pattern of columnar water vapour from sun-sky radiometer was compared with simultaneous measurements from microwave radiometer and radiosondings showing respectively a total correlation of 0.98, 0.96 and a total median difference of 2.24 and −0.65 mm. The accordance with radiosondings was found within the uncertainty of the methodology (varying from 10 to 16%) independently on the amount of atmospheric water vapour.

The Analysis of Measurement and Model of Solar Radiation in Hohhot

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 190-193
Author(s):  
Zhi Min Wang ◽  
Ya Hui Wang ◽  
Rui Tian ◽  
Jing Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Radiation Model ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Radiation Testing ◽  
Solar Radiation Model

The data of four sets of the sun radiation testing system in Hohhot was processed by the method of standard deviation to get the highest relative accuracy as a model with data. By comparing the measuring value with the calculating value of clear-sky solar radiation model established, it is found the model is only fit for the sunny day, moreover the lager percentage of sunshine is, the model is more appropriate. This model can meet the practical needs of general engineering and also can be used in the analysis of building energy efficiency

scholarly journals V. The photo-electric measurement of the penetration of light of various wave-lengths into the sea and the physiological bearing of the results

1932 ◽  
Vol 222 (483-493) ◽  
pp. 129-164 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Phosphate Content ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Electric Measurement ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Intense Light

The chemical examination of sea water had shown that, as the spring advanced, the surface water became more alkaline and its phosphate content much reduced. These changes were shown to arise from the action of the phytoplankton, and the fact that they were, in these latitudes, mainly limited to the upper fifteen or twenty metres suggested that lack of light hindered growth at greater depths. It was natural to seek for quantitative information on this subject, and as alternatives the photographic and photo-electric methods presented themselves. The former had been used to a considerable extent, notably by Grein (1913, 1914). It is specially suited for detecting very feeble illumination and for showing the depths to which light of various colours can penetrate. The difficulties and limitations of the method are obvious when quantitative results are required at lesser depths with relatively intense light, such as is wanted for photosynthetic processes to be carried on at a rate great enough to preponderate over respiration. Not the least of such difficulties is imposed by the condition that the light of the sky, including the sun if uncovered, is normally very variable, and that the surface of the sea is rarely at rest. Furthermore, the obtaining of a large number of measurements necessitates the exposure and development of many plates, and becomes very tedious. Moreover, the transmissive exponents calculated from Grein’s results are highly irregular.

scholarly journals LINGUOREPRESENTATION OF IMAGES OF HEAVENLY LIGHTS IN B.-I. ANTONYCH’S POETIC TEXTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 134-144
Author(s):  
Olha SENKOVYCH
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Individual Experience ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
The World ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Poetic Texts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Psychological Mood ◽  
Aesthetic Preferences

The paradigm of describing celestial bodies sun, moon, stars is important for understanding the national-linguistic picture of the world. An objective picture of the world in the poetry of B.-I. Antonych is represented by stable associative-semantic connections of the celestial bodies – time (sun –dawn, day, light time of day; moon, stars – evening, night, dark time of day). The individual poetic picture of the world is commensurate with the objective also in the artistic statement of the property of celestial bodies to radiate light, to be sources of radiance. The corresponding archetypes ‘light’, ‘radiance’, ‘brilliance’ determine the semantics and value of numerous author’s landscape descriptions and psychological-mood metaphors. A number of recorded metaphors represent the folklore-mythological tradition of describing celestial bodies by a visually perceptible sign of shape (sun– circle, wheel, sphere; moon – sickle, horned, horseshoe, circle), color (sun – gold, red; moon – yellow, gold, silver, red; star – silver, gold). These traditional poetic models are supplemented by individual authorial interpretations. Productive author’s models of describing the realities of the sun, moon, and stars include domestication, anthropomorphization and natural morphization. It is established that the contextual uses of celestial bodies in the poetry of B.-I. Antonych is mostly correlated with direct, nominative meaning or actualized in the folklore-mythological key. Also, the concretely nominative and cultural-aesthetic information implicitly embedded in them is often rethought and actively expanded. These nominations actively form new lexical-associative complexes of meanings, new connotations caused by individual experience, ideas, feelings, emotions of the author, his personal creative and aesthetic preferences.

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