Acceptance of anomalous research findings: explaining treatment implausibility reduces belief in far-fetched results

Research findings are best understood by considering contextual factors such as treatment plausibility: how likely it is that a studied treatment or manipulation is effective, based on theory and data. If a treatment is implausible, then more evidence should be required before believing it has an effect. The current study assessed the extent to which the interpretation of a research finding is affected by treatment plausibility. Participant age varied from 18 to 82 (M = 27.4, SD = 9.4), and about half of the participants (53%) were college students. A total of 600 participants read a brief news article about an experiment with a new type of psychotherapy for weight loss. The current study used a 2 (treatment plausibility) × 3 (results type) between-subjects factorial design. Treatment plausibility had two levels: (1) a plausible cognitive behavioral therapy and (2) an implausible ”psychic reinforcement therapy” that was described as employing psychic messages to promote weight loss. The three levels of the results type factor varied how the study results were presented in the article: (1) standard results with no mention of treatment plausibility, (2) standard results followed by interpretive statements focused on treatment plausibility, and (3) no results—the study was described as still in progress. Participants rated their belief in the effectiveness of the therapy on a scale of 0 to 100% in 10% increments. When treatment plausibility was not discussed in the article, average ratings for the implausible therapy were relatively high (M = 63.1%, SD = 25.0, 95% CI% [58.2–68.1]) and similar to those for the plausible therapy (M = 69.2%, SD = 21.5, 95% CI% [65.0–73.5]). Ratings for the implausible treatment were moderately lower when the article explained why the results supporting it were questionable (M = 48.5%, SD = 26.6, 95% CI% [43.2–53.8]). The findings of the current study suggest that students and other members of the public may draw incorrect inferences from research partly because they do not appreciate the importance of treatment plausibility. This could be remedied, though not completely, by explicitly discussing the plausibility of the treatment based on theory and prior data.

An Investigation of the Learning and Forgetting of Workers in Dual Resource Constrained Systems

This thesis examines worker learning and forgetting in dual resource constrained systems according to the dual-phase learning-forgetting model (DPLFM). The contributions are as follows: (1) equations were developed that output controllable shop factors such as training and transfer policies given existing factors such as the degree of job similarity, processing times, and the learning and forgetting rate of the worker, (2) results suggest that the task-type factor with respect to the worker learning rate and proportion of cognitive and motor elements is a factor to include in DRC research, and (3) the results have suggested that the DPLFM emphasized a greater benefit for upfront training and more frequent transfer policy than the learn forget curve model (LFCM) when tasks are similar, and supported the conclusions of Jaber et al. (2003) by an even greater extent that it is possible to use more flexibility in DRC shops with similar tasks.

An Investigation of the Learning and Forgetting of Workers in Dual Resource Constrained Systems

This thesis examines worker learning and forgetting in dual resource constrained systems according to the dual-phase learning-forgetting model (DPLFM). The contributions are as follows: (1) equations were developed that output controllable shop factors such as training and transfer policies given existing factors such as the degree of job similarity, processing times, and the learning and forgetting rate of the worker, (2) results suggest that the task-type factor with respect to the worker learning rate and proportion of cognitive and motor elements is a factor to include in DRC research, and (3) the results have suggested that the DPLFM emphasized a greater benefit for upfront training and more frequent transfer policy than the learn forget curve model (LFCM) when tasks are similar, and supported the conclusions of Jaber et al. (2003) by an even greater extent that it is possible to use more flexibility in DRC shops with similar tasks.

Factors affecting the value revitalization of Qajar religious schools in Tehran

Nowadays, due to natural erosion and urban development, Qajar religious schools in Tehran have undergone adverse physical changes. Moreover, the semantic and intangible values of them have faded over time, such that their position in society has declined. The religious schools need the conservation and revitalization of their values. Various research has been conducted on the philosophy of education, and the spatial evolution history of Tehran’s religious schools. However, since no study has been carried out on the value revitalization of them, the present study, as an exploratory and novel study, mainly aims to experimentally investigate experts’ views to revitalize the value of Qajar religious schools in Tehran. Delphi research method and Q-type factor analysis were used to identify and classify experts’ views, respectively. Participants were selected through the purposive non-probability sampling technique. The sample size was selected to be 25, which was confirmed according to the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test used for sampling adequacy. To collect data from experts, a questionnaire was used in three rounds based on the Delphi method. Data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using the Q method. Based on the obtained results, up to 73.267% of factors affecting the value revitalization of Qajar religious schools in Tehran were identified and interpreted with certainty based on interviews with the experts. The experts were divided into eight groups or factors based on their views, and seven of which introduced common variables and concepts, named based on their constituent variables. Based on the value of the coefficient of variation, the identified effective factors included climatic architecture (20.51%), resilient architecture (13.45%), spiritual architecture (8.98%), environmental aesthetics (8.12%), educational architecture (6.87%), structural architecture (6.450%), and site visiting (4.566%). It was concluded that in the value revitalization of the religious schools, paying serious attention to these seven effective factors underlies the conservation process.

Ground Validation and Error Sources Identification for GPM IMERG Product over the Southeast Coastal Regions of China

The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (IMERG) has been widely evaluated. However, most of these studies focus on the ultimate merged satellite-gauge precipitation estimate and neglect the valuable intermediate estimates which directly guide the improvement of the IMERG product. This research aims to identify the error sources of the latest IMERG version 6 by evaluating the intermediate and ultimate precipitation estimates, and further examine the influences of regional topography and surface type on these errors. Results show that among six passive microwave (PMW) sensors, the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) has outstanding comprehensive behavior, and Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) operates advanced at precipitation detection, while the Sounder for Atmospheric Profiling of Humidity in the Intertropics by Radiometry (SAPHIR) has the worst performance. More precipitation events are detected with larger quantitative uncertainty in low-lying places than in highlands, in urban and water body areas than in other places, and more in coastal areas than in inland regions. Infrared (IR) estimate has worse performance than PMW, and the precipitation detectability of IR is more sensitive to the factors of elevation and the distance to the coast, as larger critical successful index (CSI) over lowlands and coastal areas. PMW morphing and the mixing of PMW and IR algorithms partly reverse the conservative feature of the precipitation detection of PMW and IR estimates, resulting in higher probability of detection (POD) and false alert ratio (FAR). Finally, monthly gauge calibration improves most of the statistical indicators and reduces the influence of elevation and surface type factor on these errors.

Effects of endorser type and testimonials in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising (DTCA)

Purpose This study aims to examine the effects of different types of endorsers (expert vs consumer vs celebrity) in testimonial vs non-testimonial message contexts on consumers’ responses toward direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA). Design/methodology/approach An online experiment was conducted with a 3 (endorser type: expert vs consumer vs celebrity) × 2 (message type: testimonial vs non-testimonial) plus control group (no endorser, no testimonial) factorial design to assess the various dependent variables. Findings Perceived source credibility and similarity was significantly different across the endorser types, and the expert endorser (i.e. a doctor) generated the highest mean level of source credibility, while consumer endorsers generate the highest mean source similarity. The interaction of endorser type and message type significantly impacted ad believability and skepticism. Specifically, the endorser type factor had a significant impact on the dependent variables only in the testimonial ad condition, but not in the non-testimonial ad condition. The effects were mediated by source credibility. Originality/value While the focused results show celebrities may not be the strongest choice to endorse when using testimonials, the overall lack of main effect of testimonials lends to the possibility of a plateauing of effects with the various appeals used in DTC ads. DTCA has now been around for over 20 years, and this study lends to the possibility consumers are becoming unaffected by the various appeals used by pharmaceutical manufactures and only respond when a multitude of personally relevant factors are in place.

PENGARUH JENIS AMELIORAN DAN DOSIS PUPUK SERBAGUNA (AGRODYKE) PADA PERTUMBUHAN RUMPUT GAJAH ODOT (Pennisetum Purpureum CV. Mott) DILAHAN GAMBUT

Odot elephant grass is a tropical forage forage that is easily developed, has high production and can be used as animal feed.This study aims to determine the effect of ameliorant types and organic fertilizer (Agrodyke) doses on the growth of odot elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott) on peatlands. This study used a 3x3 factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications consisting of: (1) ameliorant type factor (A) consisting of 3 levels, namely: A1 =dolomite lime, A2 = Shellfish shell, A3 = Eggshell. (2) Agrodyke fertilizer dose factor (D) Consists of 3 levels, namely: D0 = 0 gram / plant, D1 = 10 gram / plant, D2 = 20 gram / plant. Observation parameters are the number of leaves, number of shoots, leaf length, plant height. The results of this study indicate that the type of ameliorant did not significantly affect the number of leaves, number of shoots, leaf length, and plant height at 2 MST, 4 MST, and 6 MST. Versatile fertilizer (Agrodyke) dosage significantly affected the number of leaves and plant height at 6 MST. But no significant effect on the number of leaves, number of shoots and plant height in 2 MST and 4 MST. Keywords: Peat, Ameliorant Species, Odot Elephant Grass, Agrodyke.

Emosi Verbal Suku Bajo Sampela

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan jenis emosi verbal Bahasa Indonesia suku Bajo Sampela (SBS) dan mengidentifikasi faktor munculnya emosi verbal Bahasa Indonesia SBS. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan metode observasi. Sementara, teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi partisipasi yang moderat, rekam, dan catat. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif sesuai dengan teori penggolongan jenis emosi Goleman dan teori penggolongan faktor Hurlock.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat tujuh jenis emosi verbal bahasa Indonesia SBS, yakni (1) amarah; (2) kesedihan; (3) rasa takut; (4) kenikmatan; (5) cinta; (6) terkejut; dan (7) jengkel. Ketujuh jenis emosi tersebut didapat dari berbagai bentuk piranti linguistik, yakni kata, frasa, kalimat, dan gaya bahasa. Selanjutnya, ada dua faktor yang mempengaruhi munculnya emosi verbal bahasa Indonesia SBS, yaitu faktor internal dan faktor eksternal. Faktor internal dan faktor eksternal ditemukan dari tiap jenis emosi. Kata kunci: emosi, jenis, faktor, suku bajo sampelaAbstractThis study aims to describe the type of Indonesian verbal emotions of the Bajo Sampela (SBS) ethnic group and identify factors for the emergence of SBS's Indonesian verbal emotions. This research is a qualitative research. Data is collected using the observation method. Meanwhile, data collection techniques use moderate participation observation techniques, record, and record. Data were analyzed descriptively according to the theory of Goleman type classification and Hurlock factor classification theory.The results showed that there were seven types of SBS Indonesian verbal emotions, namely (1) anger; (2) sadness; (3) fear; (4) enjoyment; (5) love; (6) surprised; and (7) annoyed. The seven types of emotions are derived from various forms of linguistic devices, namely words, phrases, sentences, and language styles. Furthermore, there are two factors that influence the emergence of SBS's Indonesian verbal emotions, namely internal factors and external factors. Internal factors and external factors are found in each type of emotion.Keywords: emotion, type, factor, bajo sampela ethnic group

The compatibility of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with corn and sorghum plant in the dry land of central lombok

The research aims to promote AMF compatibility on corn and sorghum host plants in the dry land of central Lombok. The study was conducted using a complete random design factorial, with 2 factors, factor 1. Isolate type with 4 levels i.e. I0 = without isolates, I1 = Ash isolates, I2 = isolate black and I3 = isolate mixture of ash and black. Factor 2 is the type of host with 2 levels is M1 = host corn and M2 = host sorghum. The results showed that there was a noticeable influence on the host type factor on the high measurement parameters of plants, the number of leaves and the broad index of leaves. There is an increase in soil nutrient levels, especially nutrient levels C and P. Spores density increased significantly from 50 spores inoculated into thousands of spores at the end of research with an effective and superior spore namely the Genus Gigaspora.

Поведение ленского осетра Acipenser baerii, Brandt при использовании нового типа корма

Ставилась задача исследовать влияние типа корма на пищевое поведение молоди ленского осетра, оценить поведение особей в фазе ближнего поиска и обнаружения пищевого объекта. Исследования проводили методом периодов на одной группе рыб, 5 экземпляров. Было установлено, что пищевой поиск нового типа корма исследуемые особи прошли успешно: пищевой объект удерживался рыбой после первого схватывания. К концу опытов при кормлении рыбы гидролизатом продолжительность латентного времени питания снижалась, что свидетельствует о процессах привыкания к новому типу корма. При кормлении гидролизатом за три дня эксперимента латентное время питания сократилось на 13 пунктов. При кормлении же комбикормом продолжительность латентного времени питания, наоборот, увеличилась в 2,2 раза. Время, проведённое на кормовом пятне молодью ленского осетра контрольной и опытной групп, также было различным. Частички комбикорма рыбы съедали быстрее, чем гидролизат. В целом по эксперименту наибольшее влияние фактор тип корма оказывает на скорость питания (5,86). Рацион питания практически не зависит от типа корма.The task was to investigate the influence of the type of feed on the feeding behavior of juvenile Lena sturgeon, to evaluate the behavior of individuals in the phase of short-range search and detection of a prey. The researches were conducted by the method of periods on one group of fish with 5 specimens. It was found that the food search for a new type of food was successful in individuals under investigation: the food object was held by fish after the first grasping. By the end of the experiments when feeding a fish with a condensed fish solubles the duration of latency feeding time has decreased which indicates the processes of getting used to the new type of food. When fed with a condensed fish solubles for three days of the experiment the latency feeding time was reduced by 13 points. When feeding with complete feed the duration of latent feeding time on the contrary has increased in 2.2 times. The time spent on the fodder spot by the juvenile Lena sturgeon of the control and experimental groups was also different. Particles of fish feed were eaten faster than the condensed fish solubles. On the whole of the experiment the feed type factor has the greatest influence on the feed rate (5.86). The diet is almost independent of the type of feed.