VARIABILITY IN ASSOCIATION EFFECTS OF OTHER SOIL FUNGI ON THE VIRULENCE OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM ON WHEAT SEEDLINGS

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (11) ◽  
pp. 562-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Sanford ◽  
M. W. Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Preliminary Study

Random isolates of Penicillium, Actinomyces, and certain miscellaneous soil-inhabiting fungi were tested in steam sterilized soil, under pure culture conditions, for their association effects on the virulence of Helminthosporium sativum P. K. and B. on wheat seedlings. Certain isolates of the first two genera mentioned exerted a marked degree of suppression, some had no effect, while others increased the virulence. Similarly, these effects varied widely within certain species of Penicillium. This preliminary study indicates that the random isolates of many genera and species of fungi may differ widely in ability to affect the virulence of certain plant pathogens.

THE EFFECT OF CROP DEBRIS ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF CEREAL ROOT-ROTTING FUNGI

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (7) ◽  
pp. 289-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Tyner
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Cereal Root

The effect of wheat, oat, and barley straw, composted with soil, on the development of disease on the basal parts of wheat seedlings was studied in a series of greenhouse experiments during three seasons. The pathogens used were Ophiobolus graminis Sacc., Helminthosporium sativum P. K. and B., and Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc. The wheat-straw composts were distinctly more favourable to the development of disease than the composts of either oat or barley straw. The least injury occurred on seedlings grown in composts of oat straw. It is suggested that the micro-organisms associated with the decomposition of oat straw bring about some degree of biological control of the plant pathogens also present.Although the amount of straw applied sometimes influenced severity of disease, the effects were not consistent from planting to planting. Apparently the actual carbon to nitrogen ratio had less effect upon disease development than did the chemical nature of the straw.The kind and amount of straw in the composts also influenced seedling vigour. This vigour was, in general, inversely proportional to the degree of infection.The introduction of a short fallow period between plantings decreased infection somewhat and increased vigour.The pathogenicity of the artificial inoculum added at the first planting was practically vitiated before the second planting. Subsequently, the infection ratings tended to increase and were about the same as those in the uninoculated series.

scholarly journals Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere mycoflora of two ferns from Panhala Fort, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 8638
Author(s):  
P. R. Hande ◽  
M. M. Dongare
Keyword(s):  
Western Ghats ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Rhizosphere Effect ◽  
Rhizosphere Soils ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Fern Species ◽  
Preliminary Study

Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn and Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link are threatened fern species from Western Ghats.  The present paper endorses the preliminary study on mycoflora associated with these ferns.  Eighteen fungal species have been isolated from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of selected ferns.  More diversity of fungi was observed in non-rhizosphere as compared to rhizosphere soils of both the ferns.  Aspergillus was found to be the most dominant genus among the population followed by Penicillium.  Higher percentage of fungal species is shown by H. crenatum, i.e., 44.5% in non-rhizosphere and 27.77% in rhizosphere; while a lower percentage of fungal species was found in A. leptophylla, i.e., 38.88% in non-rhizosphere and 16.66% in rhizosphere.  Number of colony forming units per gram soil was more in non-rhizosphere of A. leptophylla while it was less in non-rhizosphere of H. crenatum.  Inhibitory rhizosphere effect was exerted by A. leptophylla while H. crenatum has stimulatory effect on soil fungi. 

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on the Activity of Phycobiliproteins against Botrytis cinerea

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 600
Author(s):  
Hillary Righini ◽  
Ornella Francioso ◽  
Michele Di Foggia ◽  
Antera Martel Quintana ◽  
Roberta Roberti
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Ft Raman

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are proteins of cyanobacteria and some algae such as rhodophytes. They have antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activity at the human level, but there is a lack of knowledge on their antifungal activity against plant pathogens. We studied the activity of PBPs extracted from Arthrospiraplatensis and Hydropuntiacornea against Botrytiscinerea, one of the most important worldwide plant-pathogenic fungi. PBPs were characterized by using FT-IR and FT-Raman in order to investigate their structures. Their spectra differed in the relative composition in the amide bands, which were particularly strong in A. platensis. PBP activity was tested on tomato fruits against gray mold disease, fungal growth, and spore germination at different concentrations (0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 mg/mL). Both PBPs reduced fruit gray mold disease. A linear dose–response relationship was observed for both PBPs against disease incidence and H. cornea against disease severity. Pathogen mycelial growth and spore germination were reduced significantly by both PBPs. In conclusion, PBPs have the potential for being also considered as natural compounds for the control of fungal plant pathogens in sustainable agriculture.

LONGEVITY OF SOME COMMON FUNGI IN CEREAL SEED

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Machacek ◽  
H. A. H. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Septoria Nodorum ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Alternaria Tenuis ◽  
Cereal Seed

Tests made at regular intervals over a period of 10 years on naturally infested seed of wheat, oats, and barley that had been held in storage showed that most of the seed, while retaining its germinability, became free from viable fungi before the end of the storage period. Alternaria tenuis sensu Wiltshire in all three crops, Helminthosporium sativum P.K. & B. in wheat and barley, and Septoria nodorum Berk, in wheat died out comparatively rapidly. H. avenae Eidam in oats and H. teres Sacc. in barley lost their viability slowly and since, by the end of the storage period, most of the microorganisms associated with them in infested kernels were dead, these two fungi could generally be recovered in pure culture.

AN ANTIBIOTIC-PRODUCING BACTERIUM OF THE GENUS PSEUDOMONAS

1954 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. F. Chinn
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Antibiotic Activity ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Pathogenic Organisms

A Gram-negative rod, conforming; to Pseudomonas viscosa (Frankland and Frankland) Migula, was isolated in practically pure culture from a sample of wheat that did not show the usual mixture of epiphytes. In vitro studies revealed an unusual antibiotic spectrum against a variety of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria as well as against Helminthosporium sativum and Fusarium culmorum. Comparative.studies of the organism and P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, and P. chlororaphis indicated that it possessed greater antibiotic activity than any of these three species of Pseudomonas. Application to the control of some plant pathogenic organisms is suggested.

THE NATURAL MICROFLORA OF THE SOIL IN RELATION TO THE FOOT-ROT PROBLEM OF WHEAT

1931 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Marked Effect ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Natural Microflora ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Unsterilized Soil ◽  
Inhibitive Action

In these studies the natural microflora of the black loam soil typical of the Edmonton district of Alberta had a marked inhibitive action on the development of the wheat foot-rotting fungus Helminthosporium sativum when the latter was grown directly in this soil. The severity of foot-rot infection of wheat seedlings caused by this pathogene was correspondingly reduced as a result of this action. A trace of unsterilized soil serving as a source of the saprophytic soil organisms had almost as great an influence as a relatively large amount. A similar effect on Fusarium graminearum, another fungous pathogene which causes loot-rot of wheat, is indicated.Bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi isolated from black soil each had a suppressive action on H. sativum in the soil and reduced the severity of foot-rot infection caused by it, but the fungi were considerably more effective than the bacteria and actinomycetes tested. A combination of all of these organisms produced the most marked effect and one equivalent to that produced by the organisms of unsterilized soil.The significance of the results in connection with the foot-rot problem of wheat is briefly discussed and their possible bearing on other plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogenes is mentioned.

INFLUENCE OF WILD AND CULTIVATED PLANTS ON THE MULTIPLICATION, SURVIVAL AND SPREAD OF CEREAL FOOT-ROTTING FUNGI IN THE SOIL

1935 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Padwick
Keyword(s):  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Soil Infestation ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Unsterilized Soil ◽  
Take All ◽  
Do So

Using the severity of infection of wheat seedlings as a measure of soil infestation, it is shown that susceptible grasses such as Agropyron tenerum, A. cristatum, A. repens and Bromus inermis encourage the multiplication and survival of inoculum of the take-all fungus Ophiobolus graminis in both sterilized and unsterilized soil. The same grasses also aided the survival of Helminthosporium sativum in sterilized soil. In these experiments, however, only one, namely B. inermis, appeared to favor the survival of Fusarium graminearum.The fungus O. graminis, which failed to spread laterally to any appreciable extent in bare, unsterilized black loam soil of the Edmonton district of Alberta, was able to do so when such soil was occupied by living, susceptible plants.

scholarly journals Microbiological Insights into the Stress-Alleviating Property of an Endophytic Bacillus altitudinis WR10 in Wheat under Low-Phosphorus and High-Salinity Stresses

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue ◽  
Shen ◽  
Chen ◽  
Liang ◽  
Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Acc Deaminase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Bacillus Altitudinis ◽  
Phosphorus Stress ◽  
Low Phosphorus

An indole–3–acetic acid producing Bacillus altitudinis WR10 was previously isolated from the root of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, the strain WR10 was used for relieving abiotic stresses in wheat under low phosphorus and high saline in hydroponic co-culture models. Significantly, strain WR10 improved wheat seed relative germination rate under salinity stress (200/400 mM NaCl) and the root dry weight in wheat seedlings under phosphorus stress (10 μM KH2PO3) when insoluble phosphates are available. To provide insights into its abiotic stress-alleviating properties, the strain was characterized further. WR10 grows well under different culture conditions. Particularly, WR10 resists salt (12% NaCl) and hydrolyzes both inorganic and organic insoluble phosphates. WR10 uses many plant-derived substrates as sole carbon and energy sources. It produces catalase, amylase, phosphatase, phytase, reductase, and 1–aminocyclopropane–1–carboxylate (ACC) deaminase. In addition, WR10 possesses long peritrichous flagella, and its biofilm formation, as well as phytase production, is induced by abiotic stresses. Overall, the salinity-alleviating property of WR10 in wheat can be attributed to its inherent tolerance to NaCl, formation of biofilm, and production of enzymes, like catalase, amylase, and ACC deaminase. Meanwhile, B. altitudinis WR10 reduces low-phosphorus stress in wheat by production of phosphatases and phytases in the presence of insoluble phosphates.

EFFECT OF CROP DEBRIS, PLANT ROOTS, AND CROP SEQUENCE ON THE MICROBIAL FLORA OF THE SOIL IN RELATION TO ROOT ROT IN CEREAL CROPS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26c (1) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Tyner
Keyword(s):  
Barley Straw ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Fallow Soil ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Crop Sequence

The decomposition of wheat, oat, or barley straw in soil caused a marked increase in the microflora, as indicated by plate counts. The oat straw compost yielded significantly more colonies of fungi than either the wheat or barley straw composts. The population of bacteria and actinomycetes was increased to about the same degree by all three of the composts.In another laboratory experiment, wheat, oats, barley, and beans were planted in various rotations in pots of soil from field plots known to be heavily infested with the root-rotting pathogens Helminthosporium sativum P. K. and B., Ophiobolus graminis Sacc., and Fusarium spp. Fungi, mostly Penicillium spp. and Mucor spp., were up to 15 times more abundant from the rhizosphere of wheat roots than from the rhizosphere of oat, barley, or bean roots, regardless of crop sequence. It is assumed that the higher counts of saprophytic fungi obtained from the rhizosphere of wheat seedlings were directly correlated with the greater amount of dead root tissue on this crop, since disease on the wheat seedlings was more severe than on the other hosts. In a duplicate experiment in fallow soil, the rhizospheres of wheat, oats, barley, and beans yielded about equal numbers of fungi.

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