THE LIFE CYCLE OF APANTELES CARPATUS (SAY) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE WEBBING CLOTHES MOTH, TINEOLA BISSELLIELLA HUM.

1942 ◽  
Vol 20d (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Murray Fallis
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Fecal Pellets ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Parasite Larva ◽  
Tineola Bisselliella

This parasite has been reared from larvae of the webbing clothes moth obtained from different localities as well as experimentally. All parasites obtained by natural and experimental infections were females. Oviposition occurred and parasites developed in host larvae weighing 1.6 to 6.8 mg. The parasites oviposited more readily in a host enclosed in a case, especially if the case contained fecal pellets of the host. Eggs were deposited in various parts of the host. A single parasite developed to maturity even though several eggs may have been deposited in the host, each by a separate "thrust" of the ovipositor. Morphological features of the larvae are illustrated. The rate of development varied even at constant temperature. The average length of the life cycle at 27 °C. was 26 days but at 20 °C. it required several months. Experiments were carried out to determine the factors responsible for the variation in the rate of development. The parasite larva, upon emerging from the host, usually spins a white, silken cocoon, although metamorphosis was sometimes completed even though no cocoon was produced.

THE DESCRIPTION AND LIFE CYCLE OF MARITREMA LARICOLA SP. N. (TREMATODA: MICROPHALLIDAE)

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilda Lei Ching
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
Hemigrapsus Oregonensis ◽  
Larus Glaucescens

Maritrema laricola sp. n. from the intestine of the glaucous-winged gull, Larus glaucescens, differs from other species in the genus in having an elongate body, small cirrus sac, and short, curved cirrus. The life cycle of the species was followed from sporocyst stage in Littorina scutulata and Littorina sitchana, to the metacercarial stage in Hemigrapsus oregonensis and H. nudus, and to the adult in natural and experimental hosts. In experimental infections of H. oregonensis, the cercariae penetrate and develop in the gills after which they migrate to the haemocoel of the crab and encyst. The metacercariae are fully developed in from 6 to 9 weeks, and similar in size and morphology to natural infections in crabs. Excystment of the metacercariae occurs in the following cultures at 40 °C: 3% pepsin plus 1% HCl, 0.85% saline, and seawater diluted 1:4. Metacercariae live for about 3 days in diluted seawater but do not produce eggs in any of the cultures. Only immature worms were recovered from mice and newly hatched chicks when they were fed the metacercariae, but mature worms were found in natural and experimental infections of the glaucous-winged gull. In a review of the genus Maritrema, the following transfers are made: Maritrema uca Sarkisian, 1957 to the genus Mecynophallus Cable, Connor, and Balling, 1960, and Maritreminoides raminellae Dery, 1958 to Pseudospelotrema Yamaguti, 1939.

The cattle lice of Great Britain Part I. Biology, with special reference to Haematopinus eurysternus

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Craufurd-Benson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Threshold Of Development ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

1. The geographical distribution of cattle lice in Britain is recorded in detail. Bovicola bovis is the commonest and most widely distributed species in Britain.2. The incubation period for the eggs was found to be: Haematopinus eurysternus, 9–19 days (av. 12); Bovicola bovis, 7–10 days (av. 8); Linognathus vitula, 10–13 days; Solenopotes capillatus, 10–13 days. With eggs of H. eurysternus it was found that the higher the minimum air temperature the shorter was the incubation period.3. In H. eurysternus the average length of the instars was: 1st, 4 days; 2nd, 4 days; 3rd, 4 days; pre-oviposition period, 3–4 days. The average time for the complete life cycle, egg to egg, was 28 days.4. The maximum longevity of H. eurysternus on the host was: males, 10 days; females, 16 days. No males or females of H. eurysternus survived a starvation period of 72 hr. at 20° C. and R.H. 70 or 0–10° C. and R.H. 70–85; but some nymphs survived this period at 20° C. and R.H. 70, but none survived 96 hr. starvation.5. The maximum number of eggs recorded for one female was 24; and eggs were laid at the rate of 1–4 a day.6. The threshold of development of the eggs of H. eurysternus appears to be about 27·5° C.

THE LIFE CYCLE OF TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS: I. THE INTESTINAL PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1255-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Shanta ◽  
E. Meerovitch
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Intestinal Phase ◽  
Experimental Infections

In experimental infections in mice, Trichinella spiralis larvae in the intestines molted twice before reaching sexual maturity. In both sexes, the first molt occurred between 12 and 16 hours post infection; in males, the second molt occurred between 24 and 32 hours, and in females, between 22 and 30 hours. The females were inseminated after the 36th hour post infection, but some males had spermatozoa in the seminal vesicles before the completion of the second molt. Structures, believed to be amphids, were observed after 2 hours post infection; they increased in size up to the 6th hour, after which they regressed and finally disappeared. The function of these amphids is believed to be related to osmoregulation.

scholarly journals Red flour beetle survival on different food items

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Red Flour Beetle ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Flour Beetle ◽  
Food Items

Studied red beetle life on each of the yen and wheat durum wheat, barley, corn, rice, chickpeas, ground peanuts and beans in Living situation constant temperature and relative humidity of 65% for a period of 66 days was the life cycle of the insect different from one substance to another ....

Effect of phosphorus applied as superphosphate on rate of development and spikelet number per ear of different cultivars of wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Rahman ◽  
JH Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Elongation Phase

The effects of adding phosphorus (40 kg of phosphorus ha-1) at sowing on rate of development, spikelet number per ear, rate of spikelet initiation, apex length at floral initiation, and leaf number at ear emergence of the main shoot of seven wheat cultivars were studied under a 16 hr photoperiod at a constant temperature of 20°C. Phosphorus additions increased the spikelet number per ear, rate of spikelet initiation, and apex length significantly in all wheats, but had no effect on the duration of the vegetative phase, spikelet phase or elongation phase, or on leaf number. The increase in spikelet number was due to an increase of spikelet initiation. All wheats responded similarly to addition of phosphorus.

Ramularia leaf spot in barley

2021 ◽  
pp. 681-706
Author(s):  
Neil Havis ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Major Disease ◽  
Ramularia Leaf Spot ◽  
The World ◽  
Causal Pathogen ◽  
And Control

Ramularia leaf spot is an emerging pathogen across barley growing regions of the world. It's rise from minor to major disease has been rapid over the last twenty years. The causal pathogen, Ramularia collo-cygni is poorly understood but it has been shown to have a complex life cycle and the ability to exist on many hosts in an endophytic state. The rate of development of fungicide resistance in the fungus is also extremely fast and many of the major single site fungicides are no longer effective in many countries. With multisite fungicides having their approval or reconsidered and no consistent varietal resistance available, control of the disease is increasing challenging. This chapter reviews the latest research into Ramularia biology and control and highlights the areas where recent advances have been made.

Distribution, biology and ecology of Dentichasmias busseolae Heinr. (Hym., Ichneumonidae), a pupal parasite of graminaceous stem-borers (Lep., Pyralidae)

1972 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Mohyuddin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Sesamia Calamistis ◽  
Eldana Saccharina ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Pupal Parasite ◽  
Dentichasmias Busseolae ◽  
Ethiopian Region

Dentichasmias busseolae Heinr., an important pupal parasite of Pyralid graminaceous stem-borers in East Africa, is widely distributed in the Ethiopian Region but is more abundant in areas with an equatorial humid climate. In the laboratory adults mated immediately after emergence and started oviposition the same day. The female oviposits only in a borer pupa without a cocoon in a stem, and oviposition is stimulated by the presence of the frass of Chilo partellus (Swinh.) larvae. D. busseolae does not attack Busseola fusca (Fuller), Sesamia calamistis Hmps. or Eldana saccharina Wlk. in the field but these were accepted for oviposition when exposed in C. partellus pupation tunnels or with frass of C. partellus larvae, and were suitable for development. D. busseolae could complete its development in one- to eight-day-old C. partellus pupae when the pupal period of C. partellus was 10·5 days. The life-cycle was completed in 15–19 days at a mean temperature of 25°C, but could not be completed at a constant temperature of 30°C; temperatures fluctuating between 22°C and 30°C were not detrimental. At Namulonge (Uganda) percentage parasitism showed a positive correlation with rainfall, with a lag of about a month.

Influence of Humidity on Mortality and Rate of Development of Immature Stages of the Grain-Infesting Mite Tyrophagus castellanii (Hirst) (Acarina: Acaridae) Reared on Mould Cultures

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 721-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Rivard
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

It was observed that populations of Tyrophagus castellanii (Hirst) reared on cereal flakes and yeast for studies of predator-prey interactions were feeding on moulds rather than on the food material, and that an increase in humidity increased their rates of development. To discover whether this was caused by the direct effect of humidity on the mites or by a greater supply of fresh food brought about by an increase in humidity, rearings were made with a technique developed by Rivard (1958). The mites were reared exclusively on mould cultures under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. It was also possible with this technique to regdate modd growth to some extent, so that a supply of fresh food was always available to the mites. This is a report on the influence of various humidities on mortality and rate of development of the immature stages of T. castellanii at a constant temperature.

The life cycle of Hunterella nodulosa Mackiewicz and McCrae, 1962 (Cestoidea: Caryophyllidea)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 781-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight R. Mudry ◽  
Hisao P. Arai
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Organ Development ◽  
Catostomus Commersoni ◽  
Experimental Infections

The life cycle of Hunterella nodulosa Mackiewicz and McCrae, 1962 is described. Eggs contain oncospheres after 15–16 days at 20 °C. The pattern of growth in size and organ development of procercoids in experimentally infected Limnodrilus udekemianus is described. Catostomus commersoni was successfully infected with procercoids from experimental infections, and development of adults was followed for 50 days. The pattern of growth in size and organ development for adult H. nodulosa is illustrated.

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