PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: I. FERMENTATION OF WHEAT MASHES BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA

1945 ◽  
Vol 23f (1) ◽  
pp. 48-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Ledingham ◽  
G. A. Adams ◽  
R. Y. Stanier
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Fermentative Capacity ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Ethanol Formation ◽  
Steep Liquor ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentations

Isolation of Aerobacillus strains with desirable fermentative characteristics was facilitated by pasteurization of the original inoculum. Both cultural characteristics and fermentative capacity of the original isolates were extremely variable. Dissociation into more variant types occurred in later generations giving rise to further differences in fermentative characteristics.In the preparation of mashes particle size of wheat is unimportant in relation to yield provided the kernel has been broken. Since prolonged cooking is harmful, a standard procedure of sterilization for 1 hr. at 121 °C. has been adopted. Mashes containing over 15% wheat by weight are inefficiently fermented. Acid production in the mash may be controlled by the addition of excess calcium carbonate at the beginning of the fermentation, or by the addition of ammonia as required. The most satisfactory fermentation temperature is about 32.5 °C.The addition of yeast extract, malt extract, dried yeast, or corn steep liquor is essential for the preparation of an active inoculum. Fermentation of whole wheat mashes may also be enhanced by yeast extract. Removal of the gluten has little effect, but the bran, shorts, germ, and soluble nitrogenous constituents are necessary for a normal fermentation. Pure wheat starch with inorganic supplements can be only partially utilized.Under anaerobic conditions fermentation of a 15% mash is complete in 60 hr., but continuous removal of the carbon dioxide reduces this time to 48 hr. The diol–ethanol ratio for anaerobic fermentations is of the order of 1.3: 1.0. Aerobic conditions inhibit the fermentation, particularly ethanol formation, and 120 hr. are required for completion. The diol–ethanol ratio, however, may be raised to 3: 1 or higher.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: IX. THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS NUTRIENT MATERIALS ON THE FERMENTATION OF STARCH BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybil B. Fratkin ◽  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Whole Wheat Flour ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Steep Liquor ◽  
Starch Medium

Wheat starch is a poor medium for fermentation by Aerobacillus polymyxa. The solubles recovered from the separation of starch and gluten in patent flour enhance the fermentation but not as effectively as the similar fraction from whole wheat flour. Addition of supplements is necessary for a satisfactory yield of products in a reasonable length of time. Wheat gluten has no stimulatory effect but bran and shorts are both effective, the latter being slightly superior. An 8% starch medium fortified with the solubles from whole wheat required a 2.5% supplement of shorts to bring fermentation by A. polymyxa to 90% completeness in 72 hr.Of the various supplements tested, a 1% addition of malt sprouts proved to be the most effective, fermentation being 90% complete in 72 hr. Shorts, bran, Cerogras (dehydrated young oats), alfalfa, soya beans, yeast extract, and corn-steep liquor follow in order of decreasing effectiveness.The solubles from whole wheat when ashed have no beneficial effects on the fermentation of starch by A. polymyxa.

Organic Acid Production by Propionibacterium shermanii: Effect of pH, Temperature and Vitamin-Nitrogen Source

1997 ◽  
Vol 52 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 193-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Quesada-Chanto ◽  
A . G. Schroeder ◽  
A. C. Schmid-Meyer ◽  
J. A. López ◽  
M. M. Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Organic Acid Production ◽  
Propionibacterium Shermanii ◽  
Difco Yeast Extract ◽  
Steep Liquor

Abstract Production of propionic acid by Propionibacterium shermanii CDB 10014 was enhanced by a pH value of 6.5 and by temperatures in the range 35-37 °C. Depending on the type of yeast extract, succinic acid can be produced in higher proportions, with decreasing propionic acid yields. With respect to propionic acid production, Difco yeast extract has shown the best results when yeast extract preparations from other different suppliers were compared. To replace yeast extract by a cheaper vitamin-nitrogen source, corn-steep liquor was tested. A complete depletion of glucose was achieved, yielding a final propionic acid concentration of over 35 g/l. These results are even better than those obtained with Difco yeast extract and suggest the possibility of an economical process based on corn-steep liquor.

MICROBIAL PENTOSANASES: II. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION OF PENTOSANASES BY BACILLUS PUMILUS AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Ammonium Lactate ◽  
Steep Liquor

A number of carbohydrates and nitrogenous adjuncts were tested for their effect on the constitutive and adaptive pentosanases produced by Bacillus stibtilis and B. pumilus respectively in a medium containing biotin, ammonium phosphate, and other mineral salts. B. subtilis produced more enzyme with sulphite liquor than with any of the other carbohydrate sources tested. Next, in decreasing order of merit, were wheat bran, maltose, ribose, beet molasses, oat hulls, and pectin. Of the nitrogenous adjuncts tested, corn steep liquor, soybean meal, gelatin, gelysate, and ammonium lactate doubled the yield of enzyme whereas yeast extract, peptone, urea, and others were less effective. For B. pumilus the better carbohydrate sources, in decreasing order of merit, were wheat bran, water soluble pentosan of wheat flour, xylan, straw holo-cellulose, wheat straw, and sulphite liquor. Of the nitrogen sources, corn steep liquor was outstanding while casein, casitone, phytone, yeast extract, distillers' dried solubles, and soybean meal followed in decreasing order. A medium containing 6% wheat bran (20 mesh), 1% corn steep liquor neutralized with ammonia, 0.05% sodium chloride, and 0.05% calcium carbonate was devised for the production of pentosanase by B. pumilus. With this medium in shaken Erlenmeyer flasks, the enzyme was produced at a high rate between 12 and 40 hr.; thereafter the rate of production decreased. Maximum yields were obtained in 96 hr. A temperature of 26 °C. was more favorable for pentosanase production than higher temperatures.

Ethanol production from syngas by Clostridium strain P11 using corn steep liquor as a nutrient replacement to yeast extract

2011 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
pp. 6494-6501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanth Maddipati ◽  
Hasan K. Atiyeh ◽  
Danielle D. Bellmer ◽  
Raymond L. Huhnke
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Nutrient Replacement ◽  
Steep Liquor ◽  
Clostridium Strain P11

scholarly journals Statistical optimization of an acid protease production by a local Aspergillus niger MH109542 using a medium based on decommissioned dates

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
Malika Benkahoul ◽  
Amina Bramki ◽  
Aicha Belmessikh ◽  
Aicha Mechakra-Maza
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Acid Protease ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Plackett And Burman ◽  
Steep Liquor

The production of an acid protease by liquid fermentation is performed on a medium based on decommissioned dates by a local mold isolated from an extreme environment. The used mold is isolated from the thermal soil in Hammam Safsaf of Teleghma (Algeria). Phenotypic and molecular identification has shown that it is Aspergillus niger. This fungi strain exhibited exo-protease activity on milk agar. The fermentation medium based on decommissioned dates is enriched by other factors according to a statistical method; the plan of Plackett and Burman. This method (N = 8 experiments and N-1 factors) allowed the optimization of the enzyme production and the growth of the mold. The statistical analysis of the obtained results shows an increased enzyme activity (650.20U), in the presence of yeast extract and salts with probabilities p = 0.239 for the first and p = 0.190 for the second. Furthermore, the corn-steep-liquor (p = 0.229) and yeast extract (p = 0.053) present a significant effect on mold growth. In conclusion, the culture of A. niger on optimized medium gives good yields of biomass and proteolytic activity compared to the basal medium. These results are encouraging. In fact, the use of a cheap and available substrate such as decommissioned dates saves the cost price of fermentation on an industrial scale.

scholarly journals Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Bok Choy Growth and Quality in Hydroponic Cultures

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Kazuki Kano ◽  
Hiroaki Kitazawa ◽  
Keitaro Suzuki ◽  
Ani Widiastuti ◽  
Hiromitsu Odani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Steep Liquor

Effects of corn steep liquor (organic fertilizer, OF) and conventional chemical fertilizer (CF) on the growth and yield of bok choy (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) in summer and autumn hydroponic growing systems were compared. When OF and CF were applied with the same amount of total nitrogen in summer cultivation, there was no significant difference between yields; however, the growth rate in OF was slower than in CF. When OF was applied with twice the amount of nitrogen in CF (OF2), bok choy growth and yield were significantly inhibited in summer cultivation, likely owing to dissolved oxygen deficiency and different rates of nitrification and nitrogen absorbance by the plant root. Although the contents of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in bok choy showed no difference among the three treatments in both cultivation seasons, the carbon/nitrogen ratio tended to be higher in OF and OF2 than in CF. Lower nitric acid and higher ascorbic acid content was found in OF and OF2 than in CF. Overall, our results suggest that a comparable yield is expected by using the same nitrogen amount with a conventional recipe of chemical fertilization in autumn cultivation. However, further improvement of hydroponic management is needed in summer cultivation.

scholarly journals Effects of corn steep liquor on β-poly(l-malic acid) production in Aureobasidium melanogenum

AMB Express ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Genan Wang ◽  
Bingyi Shi ◽  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Tingbin Zhao ◽  
Haisong Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malic Acid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
The Tca Cycle ◽  
Steep Liquor ◽  
Aureobasidium Melanogenum

Abstractβ-poly(l-malic acid) (PMLA) is a water-soluble biopolymer used in medicine, food, and other industries. However, the low level of PMLA biosynthesis in microorganisms limits its further application in the biotechnological industry. In this study, corn steep liquor (CSL), which processes high nutritional value and low-cost characteristics, was selected as a growth factor to increase the PMLA production in strain, Aureobasidium melanogenum, and its metabolomics change under the CSL addition was investigated. The results indicated that, with 3 g/L CSL, PMLA production, cell growth, and yield (Yp/x) were increased by 32.76%, 41.82%, and 47.43%, respectively. The intracellular metabolites of A. melanogenum, such as amino acids, organic acids, and key intermediates in the TCA cycle, increased after the addition of CSL, and the enrichment analysis showed that tyrosine may play a major role in the PMLA biosynthesis. The results presented in this study demonstrated that the addition of CSL would be an efficient approach to improve PMLA production.

scholarly journals Synthesis of the Microbial Polysaccharide Gellan from Dairy and Plant-Based Processing Coproducts

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-244
Author(s):  
Thomas P. West
Keyword(s):  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Microbial Polysaccharide ◽  
Steep Liquor ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Condensed Distillers Solubles

This review examines the production of the microbial polysaccharide gellan, synthesized by Sphingomonas elodea, on dairy and plant-based processing coproducts. Gellan is a water-soluble gum that structurally exists as a tetrasaccharide comprised of 20% glucuronic acid, 60% glucose and 20% rhamnose, for which various food, non-food and biomedical applications have been reported. A number of carbon and nitrogen sources have been tested to determine whether they can support bacterial gellan production, with several studies attempting to optimize gellan production by varying the culture conditions. The genetics of the biosynthesis of gellan has been explored in a number of investigations and specific genes have been identified that encode the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of this polysaccharide. Genetic mutants exhibiting overproduction of gellan have also been identified and characterized. Several dairy and plant-based processing coproducts have been screened to learn whether they can support the production of gellan in an attempt to lower the cost of synthesizing the microbial polysaccharide. Of the processing coproducts explored, soluble starch as a carbon source supported the highest gellan production by S. elodea grown at 30 °C. The corn processing coproducts corn steep liquor or condensed distillers solubles appear to be effective nitrogen sources for gellan production. It was concluded that further research on producing gellan using a combination of processing coproducts could be an effective solution in lowering its overall production costs.

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