THE SUSPENDING POWER OF DETERGENT SOLUTIONS: II. SOAP-BUILDER SOLUTIONS

1950 ◽  
Vol 28f (10) ◽  
pp. 363-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Weatherburn ◽  
G. R. F. Rose ◽  
C. H. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Soap Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Laundry Soap ◽  
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
Washing Process ◽  
Tentative Explanation ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
Sodium Orthosilicate

Laboratory scale measurements have been made of the ability of certain alkaline salts, commonly used as laundry soap builders, to hold carbon particles in suspension, and thus prevent their deposition on fabric during the washing process. In the absence of soap little difference was noted between any of the builders studied, the suspending power being, on the whole, poorer than that of distilled water. In general, the addition of builders to soap solutions resulted in a decrease in the suspending power of the soap, this effect increasing with increasing builder concentration. The builders fall into three general classifications, viz.: simple electrolytes, silicates, and phosphates. Within each of these groups of builders the suspending power of a built soap solution increases with decreasing pH of the solution. A tentative explanation of the influence of added builders on the suspending power of soap solutions is offered, on the basis of interference with the normal adsorption of soap by the carbon particles, and, in some cases, the superimposed adsorption of the anion of the builder. Classification of the builders with respect to their effect on the suspending power of various pure soaps indicated that sodium hexametaphosphate is superior to all others, while sodium hydroxide and sodium orthosilicate are the poorest. There are only minor differences between the remaining builders, tetrasodium pyrophosphate and trisodium phosphate being the best in this group. This classification, which is based solely on suspending power, is not necessarily indicative of the over-all efficiency of builders in the detergent process as a whole.

scholarly journals Biodegradation of erythrosin B dye by paramorphic Neurospora crassa 74A

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele Jane de Jesus ◽  
Carlos Renato Corso ◽  
Adriana de Campos ◽  
Sandra Mara Martins Franchetti
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Erythrosin B ◽  
Fungus Culture ◽  
Washing Process

The present work used paramorphic forms of Neurospora crassa 74A to remove erythrosine. The fungus culture was grown in medium containing the dye, as only carbon source for 2 and 90 h of interaction. A washing process using distilled water isolated the cellular mass mycelia was dried for 12 h at 105ºC and transformed in fine powder and analyzed in FTIR. The supernatant was analyzed through spectrophotometer UV-Vis and FTIR. Significant differences in the spectrum of UV-VIS and FTIR were observed between the control and the supernatant and between wall control and the walls colored by red, in FTIR for 2 and 90 h. Some significant bands were modified, suggesting the possibility of enzymatic biodegradation in proportion to the time of contact between the dye and fungal biomass.

scholarly journals Investigasi pengaruh pengenceran sampel madu pada proses klasifikasi madu menggunakan uv spectroscopy dan kemometrika

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Diding Suhandy ◽  
Meinilwita Yulia ◽  
Kusumiyati Kusumiyati ◽  
Siti Suharyatun ◽  
Sri Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Data ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Uv Spectroscopy ◽  
Honey Sample ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Pca Analysis ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Sample Dilution

One form of honey adulteration is label adulteration for some premium honey such as uniflora honey from the honeybee species Trigona sp. One of the analytical methods that are currently developing and have the potential to perform the classification of premium honey in Indonesia is the UV spectroscopy method. In this study, an investigation was carried out on the effect of dilution on the performance of UV spectroscopy in the process of classifying Indonesian honey with different honeybees. A total of 4 types of honey samples with 10 samples each were used in this study. The honey sample was then diluted using distilled water. Each type of honey was given two dilution treatments, namely 1:20 (volume: volume) dilution of 5 samples and 1:40 (volume: volume) dilution of 5 samples. Spectral data were taken using a UV-visible spectrometer with a wavelength of 190-1100 nm (Genesys™ 10S UV-Vis, Thermo Scientific, USA) using the transmittance mode. The results of spectra analysis generally show that the sample with a 1:20 dilution has a higher absorbance intensity for both the original and modified spectra. The PCA results for each dilution showed that the honey samples could be separated into four different clusters for both 1:20 and 1:40 dilutions. The results of PCA analysis using all samples showed that the honey samples were classified into eight different clusters showing a significant effect of differences in honey sample dilution on the classification process of honey samples based on differences in the types of honeybees.

The Torsional Properties of Normal and Sulfur-Enriched Wool Fibers

1969 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Armstrong ◽  
M. Feughelman
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Constant Degree ◽  
Wool Fibers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
Low Sulfur Content ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Torsional Properties

The mechanical properties in torsion of single wool fibers of biologically produced high- and low-sulfur content have been studied to determine the effects on torsional behavior. The modulus of rigidity and the torsional relaxation, i.e., the decay in torque with time at a constant degree of twist, were determined in fibers tested in glycerol (~0% RH), distilled water, and aqueous solutions of HCl at pH 0.8, 1.8, and 2.9. The sulfur content had no significant effect on the modulus of ridigidy or on the magnitude of the torsional relaxation of dry fibers. Again, for fibers tested in distilled water, no significant effect of sulfur content on the modulus of rigidity was observed, but the percent decay in torque was measurably affected. The decay in torque in 1 hr for fibers of normal wool amounted to 23% of the initial torque and that for fibers of sulfur-enriched wool amounted to 15%. This difference in torsional relaxation behavior of wet fibers of the two wools was not thought to be due to the difference in sulfur content but may partly be linked with the aspartic acid content of the two wools. The modulus of rigidity and the torsional relaxation of fibers in aqueous HCl decreased with decreasing pH to as little as one third of the values obtained in distilled water, presumably due to the breaking of salt links, the decrease being greater for the sulfur-enriched wools.

scholarly journals TOXICITY OF THE DRUG DELCID 7.5® WHEN APPLIED TO THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Burmistrova ◽  
Vasilevich ◽  
Deltsov
Keyword(s):  
Drug Concentration ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Score System ◽  
Eyelid Edema ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
White Breed ◽  
The Right ◽  
Degree Of Severity

The effect of the drug Delcid 7.5® on the mucous membranes of the eyes of rabbits of the Australian White breed, weighing 2–3 kg, which were instilled in the conjunctival cavity of the right eye with 1 drop of the drug. The left eye was a control eye, and distilled water was instilled into it. The studies were conducted according to the score system, based on the total score (according to the classification of A. Majda, K. Chrusaieleska, 1973) according to the following criteria: conjunctival and corneal hyperemia, eyelid edema, discharge at a drug concentration, 10% the degree of severity of the effect in rabbits is weak, at a concentration of 50% – moderate. Experience has shown that a single instillation of the drug Delcid 7.5® into the conjunctival sac at a concentration of 10% does not cause a response, and a 50% concentration causes a moderately irritating effect of the drug on the mucous membranes. The results of the conducted studies show that the insectoacaricidal drug Delcid 7.5® for veterinary use, developed by LLC "NVC Agrovetzashchita", including deltamethrin, piperonyl butoxide, diflubenzuron is safe for rabbits, and therefore it can be recommended for studying the effectiveness of acarosis in rabbits and other animal species.

scholarly journals Alternative insecticides in the control of the brown citrus aphid Toxoptera citricida (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
J. E. Lima ◽  
D. A. Alves ◽  
M. C. M. Cruz ◽  
M. A. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Soap Solution ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Toxoptera Citricida

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of alternative insecticides to control the brown citrus aphid Toxoptera citricida (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The treatments consisted of neem oil Azadirachta indica (Sapindales: Meliaceae); smoke syrup Nicotiana tabacum (Solanales: Solanaceae); coconut soap solution (commercial product); black pepper extract Piper nigrum (Piperales: Piperaceae); chemical insecticide Decis® 25 EC; and distilled water. Ten adult insects were placed on a filter paper in a Petri dish, applying 1.5 mL of each treatment to each dish, kept in a BOD-type air-conditioned chamber at a temperature of 25 ± 1 °C and a photophase of 12 hours. The experimental design used was completely randomized, using six treatments with six repetitions, consisting of 10 aphids. Survival assessment were performed at 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after application of treatments. The alternative insecticides coconut soap and the smoke syrup caused the mortality of 45% and 38.3%, respectively, of the T. citricida at 24 hours after application, showing promising in the control of this pest.

scholarly journals Larvicidal activity of microparticles of Melissa officinalis L. essential oil (Lamiaceae) against Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e35710111166
Author(s):  
Thércia Gabrielle Teixeira Martins ◽  
Paulo Victor Serra Rosa ◽  
Mariana Oliveira Arruda ◽  
Andressa Almeida Santana Dias ◽  
Ari Pereira de Araújo Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Melissa Officinalis ◽  
The Face ◽  
Muench Method

This study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal activity of essential oil microparticles (EO) of Melissa officinalis L. against Aedes aegypti. The leaves of M. officinalis were collected in the municipality of São José de Ribamar, Maranhão, Brazil, later dried, crushed and ground. 90g of the dried leaves were used to obtain the EO by the hydrodistillation method. For the synthesis of microencapsulated EO, 60g of sodium alginate (2.5% m/v) was added to the mixture of 15g of Tween 20 with 6g of EO. The mixture was homogenized and drips over CaCl2 5% m/v solution for the hardening of particles via crosslinking. The microparticles were washed with distilled water in filter and dried at 35ºC/24h and 15 days at tamb (30ºC). The eggs of Aedes aegypti were collected at the Federal University of Maranhão by the ovitrampas method. The larvae that hatched were fed until they reached the fourth instar. Groups of larvae (n=20) were submitted to solutions of EO and microparticles of 10-90 mg/L . After 24 h, live and dead larvae were counted and LC50 was calculated by the Reed&Muench method, using Cheng's criterion for classification of active potential. All larvae presented mortality in all concentrations tested. The LC50 obtained for the EO was 40.60 mg/L and for the microparticles 22.10 mg/L, both classified as active according to the adopted criterion, but it is observed that the microparticles increased the larvicidal potential of the EO. Through the results obtained, it is concluded that the microparticles formulated with the EO proved to be efficient in the face of the larvae of Aedes aegypti, being interesting and important in controlling and combating the mosquito that transmits dengue.

Chemistry of carbon formation in flames

1968 ◽  
Vol 307 (1489) ◽  
pp. 141-152 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Diffusion Flames ◽  
Carbon Formation ◽  
Light Hydrocarbons ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical History ◽  
Oxidizer Concentration

In his famous lecture The chemical history of a candle (see, for example, Faraday 1907) Faraday stated about carbon formation: ‘The heat that is in the flame of a candle decomposes the vapour of the wax and sets free carbon particles, they rise up heated and glowing and then enter into the air. But the particles when burnt never pass off from the candle in the form of carbon’. Since that time a large number of facts about the process of carbon formation and about the properties of carbon have been evaluated, and the differences between carbon formation in premixed flames (Gaydon & Wolfhard 1960, p. 196; Thomas 1962; Palmer & Cullis 1965; Homann 1967) in diffusion flames (Gaydon & Wolfhard 1960, p. 196; Palmer & Cullis 1965; Parker & Wolfhard 1950; Gordon, Smith & McNesby 1959), in detonations (Miles, Munday & Ubbelohde 1966) or by pyrolysis (Palmer & Cullis 1965; Stehling, Frazee & Anderson 1962; Johnson & Anderson 1962) realized. As far as carbon formation in premixed gaseous fuel-oxidizer systems is concerned it can easily be seen, that there exist various types of carbon-forming flames. From the classification of these flames as given by Behrens (1952) and by Street & Thomas (1955) two groups will be mentioned: (1) The acetylene type flame. Here carbon appears above the whole flame cone. (2) Other types of flames show carbon formation at the tip of the flame cone, either close to the flame front or a short distance above (see figure 1, plate 7). In most hydrocarbon-air flames, except for very light hydrocarbons such as acetylene and ethylene, carbon appears under normal conditions in the way mentioned under (2). The limits of carbon formation, i. e. the ratio of fuel to oxidizer concentration at which carbon formation is just observed, measured by Street & Thomas (1955) are also based to a large extent on flames of type (2).

Study on Preparing Light Colored C9 Petroleum Resins with High Softening Point

2011 ◽  
Vol 335-336 ◽  
pp. 899-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Min Yang ◽  
Hong Hui Zhang ◽  
Jia Hao Wang ◽  
Min Hu
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Softening Point ◽  
Vacuum Distillation ◽  
Boron Trifluoride ◽  
Color Index ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Gardner Color ◽  
Washing Process

Polymerizable C9 fraction was cut by atmospheric distillation of raw C9 fraction from thermal cracking. The obtained fraction polymerized using boron trifluoride ethyl ether as catalyst and then the polymerized mixture was washed by warm 10%wt Na2CO3 aqueous solution and distilled water and separated by vacuum distillation for producing light colored C9 petroleum resins with high softening point. The suitable conditions for polymerization process, washing process, vacuum distillation process were investigated to improve the C9 petroleum resins production. Under these conditions, the petroleum resins product with Gardner color index of 4-5 and softening point of 102-120°C could be obtained.

Effects of osmotic changes and neurosecretory extracts on kidney ultrastructure in the freshwater pulmonate Helisoma

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1256-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidur R. Khan ◽  
A. S. M. Saleuddin
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Visceral Ganglion ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
Helisoma Duryi ◽  
Urine Formation ◽  
Effects Of Media

The ultrastructure of the heart and kidney, and the effects of media of different osmotic concentrations and of nervous tissue extracts, have been investigated in Helisoma duryi and H. trivolvis. The auricle and ventricle walls do not appear to be possible sites for urine formation. In the kidney sac, ferritin and carbon particles are retained by the basement membrane of the epithelium, whereas horseradish peroxidase passes through the basement membrane into the intercellular spaces 10 min after injection. Epithelial cells have deep basal membrane infoldings. Intercellular spaces and spaces in the infoldings are wide in snails kept in distilled water but narrow in snails kept in isosmotic saline. When kidney sacs from saline-acclimated snails were treated in vitro with visceral ganglion extract from snails kept in distilled water these spaces rapidly expanded. Visceral ganglion extract from snails kept in saline, or extracts of other ganglia, had no effect. It is suggested that urine formation occurs in the kidney sac, and that a factor (probably neurosecretory) from the visceral ganglion may act on kidney sac epithelium to alter the rate of filtration and fluid (prourine) transport.

Note on the spectral classification of carbon stars in the photographic infrared region

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 21-23
Author(s):  
Y. Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Region ◽  
Spectral Classification ◽  
Carbon Stars

We have investigated the spectrograms (dispersion: 8Å/mm) in the photographic infrared region fromλ7500 toλ9000 of some carbon stars obtained by the coudé spectrograph of the 74-inch reflector attached to the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory. The names of the stars investigated are listed in Table 1.

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