The Possibility of Using Endophytic Micromycetes for Increasing Plant Metal Resistance

The aim of this research was to study the effect of inoculation with the Cylindrocarpon magnusianum endotrophic micromycete on the physiological and biochemical parameters of tomato test plants under the action of heavy metal salts. The plants were inoculated with the fungus culture (control population) and populations of this fungus preliminarily adapted to the action of the stress factor. Then, inoculated plants were grown under control conditions and on substrates with different concentrations of heavy metal salts (zinc, copper, lead and chromium). After the plants were inoculated with the control population of the C. magnusianum fungus, a stimulating effect increasing the plants’ resistance to the action of the heavy metal salts was not detected. When the plants were inoculated with adapted populations of the C. magnusianum fungus, adaptive reactions of the plants associated with the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves and the formation of plant biomass were significantly manifested. Under these conditions, a more intense development of fungal infection in plant roots was observed in contrast to the use of the control fungal population. These findings therefore demonstrated an effective partnership between the C. magnusianum fungus and the root system of plants under extreme conditions for plant life. Keywords: Cylindrocarpon magnusianum, micromycetes, heavy metals, inoculation, biochemical indicators

Revalorization of Pleurotus djamor Fungus Culture: Fungus-Derived Carbons for Supercapacitor Application

Currently, there is increasing interest and effort directed to developing sustainable processes, including in waste management and energy production and storage, among others. In this research, corn cobs were used as a substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus djamor, a suitable feedstock for the management of these agricultural residues. Revalorization of this fungus, as an environmentally friendly carbon precursor, was executed by taking advantage of the intrinsic characteristics of the fungus, such as its porosity. Obtaining fungus-derived porous carbons was achieved by hydrothermal activation with KOH and subsequent pyrolysis at 600, 800, and 1000 °C in an argon atmosphere. The morphologies of the fungal biomass and fungus-derived carbons both exhibited, on their surfaces, certain amorphous similarities in their pores, indicating that the porous base matrix of the fungus was maintained despite carbonization. From all fungus-derived carbons, PD1000 exhibited the largest superficial area, with 612 m2g−1 and a pore size between 3 and 4 nm recorded. Electrochemical performance was evaluated in a three-electrode cell, and capacitance was calculated by cyclic voltammetry; a capacitance of 60 F g−1 for PD1000 was recorded. Other results suggested that PD1000 had a fast ion-diffusion transfer rate and high electronic conductivity. Ultimately, Pleurotus djamor biomass is a suitable feedstock for obtaining carbon in a sustainable way, and it features a defined intrinsic structure for potential energy storage applications, such as electrodes in supercapacitors.

Comparison of Four Systems to Test the Tolerance of ‘Fortune’ Mandarin Tissue Cultured Plants to Alternaria alternata

Alternaria brown spot is a severe disease that affects leaves and fruits on susceptible mandarin and mandarin-like cultivars, and is produced by Alternaria alternata. Consequently, there is an urge to obtain new cultivars resistant to A. alternata, and mutation breeding together with tissue culture can help shorten the process. However, a protocol for the in vitro selection of resistant citrus genotypes is lacking. In this study, four methods to evaluate the sensitivity to Alternaria of mandarin ‘Fortune’ explants in in vitro culture were tested. The four tested systems consisted of: (1) the addition of the mycotoxin, produced by A. alternata in ‘Fortune’, to the propagation culture media, (2) the addition of the A. alternata culture filtrate to the propagation culture media, (3) the application of the mycotoxin to the intact shoot leaves, and (4) the application of the mycotoxin to the previously excised and wounded leaves. After analyzing the results, only the addition of the A. alternata culture filtrate to the culture media and the application of the mycotoxin to the wounded leaves produced symptoms of infection. However, the addition of the fungus culture filtrate to the culture media produced results, which might indicate that, in addition to the mycotoxin, many other unknown elements that can affect the plant growth and behavior could be found in the fungus culture filtrate. Therefore, the application of the toxin to the excised and wounded leaves seems to be the most reliable method to analyze sensitivity to Alternaria of ‘Fortune’ explants cultured in vitro.

Crazy‐paving patterns as rare radiological manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis: a case report

Background Crazy-paving patterns are rarely reported as radiological manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis. Case presentation Herein, we presented a very rare case of a crazy-paving pattern as a radiological manifestation of pulmonary cryptococcosis in a patient with primary ciliary dyskinesia. The diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia was ultimately confirmed by bronchoscopic biopsy, fungus culture, whole exome sequencing of blood, etc. The patient received flucytosine (PO, 5 g per day) and amphotericin B (IV, 70 mg per day) during hospitalization and sequential therapy with voriconazole (PO, 200 mg twice a day) after discharge. He recovered during follow-up. Conclusions We concluded that pulmonary cryptococcosis should be considered a possible cause of crazy-paving patterns in chest CT scans.

PATOGENISITAS ISOLAT Phellinus noxius PADA JAMBU METE DAN BEBERAPA JENIS TANAMAN BERKAYU LAINNYA

<p>Gejala busuk akar cokelat pada tanaman jambu mete di Sumbawa, khususnya Kecamatan Pekat, Dompu-NTB diasosiasikan dengan serangan Phellinus noxius. Secara ilmiah jamur ini belum dapat dibuktikan patogensitasnya. Penelitian ini betujuan menguraikan hasil penelitian tentang uji patogenisitas isolat P. noxius pada bibit jambu mete dan 6 jenis tanaman berkayu lainnya. Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun 2003 di laboratoium dan rumah kaca Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat. Isolat P. noxius diperoleh dari tanaman jambu mete sakit Kecamatan Pekat, Dompu-NTB, kemudian diperbanyak pada medium campuran beras jagung (1:1) dalam botol selai (vol. 250 ml.). Biakan inokulum jamur berumur salu bulan diinokulasikan pada pangkal batang dai tujuh jenis tanaman berkayu, yaitu: jambu mete (Anacardium occidentale) jenis Balakrisnan, kayu manis (Cinnamomum casia dan C. burmanii), kopi (Cofea arabtca), jarak pagar (Jatropa curcas). kapok (Ceiba pentandra), dan singkong (Manihot utilissima) yang ditumbuhkan di dalam kantong plastik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa enam dai tanaman yang diinokulasi dengan P. noxius menghasilkan gejala penyakit daun menguning dan layu, sama sepeti gejala penyakit di lapangan. Bibit yang diinokulasi mati dalam waktu 2-3 minggu sampai dengan 2 bulan setelah inokulasi. Satu-satunya jenis tanaman yang menunjukkan gejala berbeda dan tidak mati, adalah singkong yang menunjukkan gejala kcrdil. Tanaman jambu mete dan jarak pagar merupakan tanaman inang yang baru untuk P. noxius. karena tanaman lainnya sudah pemah dilaporkan sebelumnya.. Mengingat ganasnya serangan P. noxius pada bibit yang diinokulasi maka kcwaspadaan perlu ditingkatkan untuk mencegah tersebamya penyakit ini ke daerah pengembangan mete lainnya di NTB.<br /><br />Kata kunci: Anacardium occidentale, jambu mete, Phellinus noxius. patogenisitas<br /><br /><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>Pathogenicity of Phellinus noxius isolatedfrom diseased cashew and other woody plants</p><p>Brown root rot symptom on cashew in Sumbawa, especially in Pekat Distict, Dompu - West Nusa Tenggara is associated with the attack of Phellinus noxius. The pathogenicity of this fungus has not been proven scientiically. This experiment was aimed to analyse the result of pathogenicity test of P. noxius isolate on the seedlings of cashew and 6 other woody plants. This research was done in 2003 in the laboratory and glass house of the Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crop Research Institute. The P. noxius isolate was obtained from the infected cashew in Pekat District, Dompu - West Nusa Tcnggara, then multiplied in the mixture of rice and com medium in the 250 ml jam bottle. The one month fungus culture was inoculated on the stem base of the seven woody plants, namely cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Balakhrisnan cullivar, cinnamon (Cinnamommum casia and C. burmanii), coffee (Coffea arabica), castor (Jatropa curcas), kapok (Ceiba pentandra) and cassava (Manihot uilissima) grown in plastic pots. The result of this expeiment indicated that the six kinds of plants inoculated with /' noxius showed disease symptoms, such as wilting and yellowing of the leaves and died in about 2-3 weeks up to 2 months ater inoculation. The only plant that was not died but showed different symptom was cassava, its growth was very stunted but not died. The two plants, i.e. cashew and castor were new host plants for P. noxius. Considering the viciousness of /'. noxius atack on the inoculated seedlings, therefore the awareness to prevent the spread of this disease to other cashew plantations in West Nusa Tenggara should be raised.<br /><br />Key words : Anacardium occidentale. cashew, Phellinus noxius. pathogenicity</p>

Evaluation of fungicidal effects of post-culture medium of selected mold fungi and bacteria in relation to Basidiomycetes fungi, causing wood destruction

The results of the post-culture fungicidal medium from Trichoderma viride Pers. and Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. mold fungi and Acetobacter xylinum bacteria were studied relative to selected fungi belonging to Basidiomycetes, which cause wood decay. The obtained results confirmed that post-culture liquids derived from the cultivation of various microorganisms might have a differentiated fungicidal effect on wood-decaying fungi. The lowest concentration of fluid from A. xylinum culture added to the growth medium of the studied fungi that completely inhibited the growth was 5mL/100mL.The fungicidal effect of the liquid from the mold fungus culture on the tested wood-decaying fungi turned out to be definitely low. Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd proved to be the most sensitive species. Pleurotus cornucopiae (Paulet) Rolland showed complete resistance to the liquid added to the growth medium, derived from mold fungi. The A. xylinum bacterial culture-fluid may be subject to further analysis as a natural biocide in protecting wood against wood-decaying fungi.

Optimization of Protease and Amylase Production by Rhizopus oryzae Cultivated on Bread Waste Using Solid-State Fermentation

This research was carried for the coproduction of two industrial enzymes: α-amylase and protease via SSF by Rhizopus oryzae on humidified bread waste. Fermentation time, inoculum size, initial moisture content, salt solutions, and the thickness of the substrate were investigated one by one. Fungus culture was carried out in sterile aluminum trays, and pH was adjusted to 5.5. The main results showed that the highest levels of enzyme production were obtained at 120 h, 65% relative humidity, height media of 1 cm, 105 spore/g, and M-9 solution (g/L): NaH2PO4, 12.8; KH2PO4, 3; NaCl, 0.5; NH4Cl, 1; MgSO4 7H2O, 0.5; CaCl2 2H2O, 0.01. α-Amylase (100 U/g) and protease (2400 U/g) produced by SSF from Rhizopus oryzae (CH4) on BW as substrate are of great interest in industries and could be valorized as enhancers of the bread making process.

Antifungal efficacy of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and mahagony fruit bark (Swietenia mahagoni) extracts on leather shoes

The natural fungicide has been successfully extracted from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves and mahagony (Swietenia Mahagoni) fruit bark by a solvent extraction method. The antifungal efficacy was evaluated by the application of extract to the fungal-killing on cultured-fungus in Petri-plate and shoes. The fungus was isolated from the shoe and cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) plate of 100 mm size petri dish. Different dosing of neem and mahagony extract was applied on the fungus culture and measured the area of fungus killing as an antifungal efficacy of the extracts by “Leaf Area Counter” software. The maximum fungus killing efficacy was optimized. The optimum dosing of neem leaves and mahagony bark extracts were found 0.6 gm/5ml and 0.8 gm/5ml, respectively. After that, the optimum doses of natural fungicide were mixed with commercial shoe shiner and cultured the fungus in SDA plate with and without fungicides. Fungicides containing shoe shiner was an inhibitor to grow the fungus, whereas fungus was grown in fungicides-free shoe shiner within three days. We observed the fungicides-containing shoe-shiner treated dish for a period of one month and found that there was no fungus growth at all. The present findings indicated the possible use of neem and mahagony fruits-bark extract as a natural antifungal agent against post-harvest fungal infestation of shoe commodities and prevented the fungus contamination. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(3), 257-262, 2019