Influence of body weight, swimming characteristics, and water temperature on the cost of swimming in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1482-1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Tang ◽  
Daniel Boisclair ◽  
Chantal Ménard ◽  
John A Downing
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fish Weight ◽  
The Cost

We performed respirometry experiments to estimate the spontaneous swimming costs of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) for 24 combinations of fish weight (3.5, 17, and 32 g), water temperature (4, 12, and 18°C), and respirometer size (27, 54, and 108 L). Fish swimming characteristics were estimated for each experiment using videocamera recordings and image analysis. Under our experimental conditions, average swimming characteristics of fish, such as swimming speed and turning and acceleration rates, varied from 2.5- to 29-fold. Our data, alone or combined with similar published results on brook trout weighing 1 g, indicated that fish weight was the only variable that could explain a statistically significant proportion of the variations of spontaneous swimming costs for that species (r2 = 0.91). Our work confirms, with a wider range of experimental data, that spontaneous swimming costs of fish are 3- to 22-fold (8-fold average difference) more energy demanding than predicted by forced swimming models developed using fish swimming at constant speeds and directions in flumes.

Relationship between respiration rate of juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), water temperature, and swimming characteristics

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 2138-2145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Tang ◽  
Daniel Boisclair
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
The Cost

We estimated the cost of spontaneous swimming and the swimming characteristics of juvenile brook trout for 21 combinations of water temperature (3.5, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 20.7 °C) and respirometer volume (27, 54, and 108 L). Spontaneous swimming costs were estimated as the oxygen depletion in the respirometers corrected for biological oxygen demand of the water and standard metabolism of the fish. Spontaneous swimming costs varied 9-fold among our experiments. Swimming characteristics, such as the average and the variance of speed, acceleration, and turning rates, were determined using a pair of video cameras. Swimming characteristics varied 2- to 10-fold among experiments. Speed and turning rate tended to increase with water temperature up to 18 °C and decreased at 20.7 °C. Water temperature (r2 = 0.44) was the only variable that could explain a significant portion of the variations of spontaneous swimming costs between 3.7 and 20.7 °C. Variance of speed (partial R2 = 0.32) and the average turning rate (partial R2 = 0.34) explained 53% of the variation between 3.7 and 18 °C. Average speed never explained more than 35% of spontaneous swimming cost variation.

Growth and Resistance to Stress in Brook Trout Fed Sublethal Levels of DDT

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2443-2451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Macek
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Resistance To Stress

When underyearling brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were fed DDT at a rate of 2.0 mg/kg per week for 31 weeks, they exhibited greater weight gain (43.2 ± 0.8 g) during the period than did untreated fish (36.6 ± 1.1 g). When underyearling fish were fed DDT at different rates for 26 weeks and then starved or fed at a rate equivalent to 10% of the usual feeding rate, the cumulative mortality during this period was 96.2% among fish exposed to 3.0 mg/kg per week, 88.6% among fish exposed to 2.0 mg/kg per week, and 1.2% among untreated fish. Differences in the length of survival of DDT-exposed fish occurred due to dosage, sex, and type of starvation. The evidence suggests that the mortality of DDT-exposed fish was due to the interaction of DDT residues with a combination of environmental stresses, namely starvation, decreasing water temperature, and possibly the physiological stress associated with the spawning season.

Escalated aggression in interpopulation brook trout dyads: evidence for behavioural divergence

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 911-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dunbrack ◽  
Lynn Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Communication Failure ◽  
Behavioural Assessment ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Population Norm

The "communication-failure" hypothesis states that individuals whose agonistic displays deviate from the population norm are selected against because of the greater likelihood of their becoming involved in escalated contests. A corollary of this hypothesis is that the level of aggression in dyadic (pairwise) contests over resources is predicted to be higher the greater the behavioural divergence between the two contestants. Display divergence between two contestants from different populations should exceed that in intrapopulation dyads, consequently this prediction can be tested by comparing levels of aggression in contests between interpopulation dyads with those in contests between intra population dyads. We carried out such a test using brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from two isolated populations in eastern Newfoundland. In initial encounters, the nipping rate (a measure of aggressiveness) of individuals from one of these populations was significantly higher in interpopulation dyads than in intrapopulation dyads. These results are consistent with the communication-failure hypothesis, as well as with the view that behavioural assessment, using low-cost stereotypic displays, reduces the cost of interactions over resources for both contestants.

Cone synaptic ribbons and retinomotor changes in the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Salmonidae, Teleostei), under various experimental conditions

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1684-1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-J. Wagner ◽  
M. A. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Constant Light ◽  
Synaptic Ribbons ◽  
Endogenous Control ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Light Stimuli

Cone synaptic ribbons in the brook trout were studied and compared with retinomotor responses during a normal 24-h cycle and during 72 h of constant light or darkness. There is a reduction of synaptic ribbons to 65% of the daytime value during a normal night. In the absence of light stimuli, retinomotor movements cease after 20–30 h, whereas rhythmic oscillations of synaptic ribbons, although dampened, persist until the 3rd day. It appears that in the brook trout, which is an arhythmic fish, there is no endogenous control of retinomotor responses and only very little control of synaptic ribbons. The significance of synaptic ribbons for synaptic transmission and of their involvement in endogenous circadian rhythms is discussed.

Aluminum and Acid Toxicity to Two Strains of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1641-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
C G. Ingersoll ◽  
D. D. Gulley ◽  
D. R. Mount ◽  
M. E. Mueller ◽  
J. D. Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Fish Weight ◽  
Gill Histology ◽  
Acid Toxicity

Two strains of 1 yr-old brook trout were exposed to 14 combinations of pH, aluminum, and calcium during a 28-d experiment. Survival, weight, and gill histology of both strains were affected similarly by pH, aluminum, and calcium exposure. Survival was reduced at inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations (IA1) of 29 μg/L at pH 5.2 and [Formula: see text] at pH 4.4 and 4.8. Fish weight was reduced with exposure to pH below 4.8 or aluminum concentrations [Formula: see text]. The gills sampled from fish exposed to low pH exhibited lifting of the outer epithelium and hypertrophy (increase in size) of chloride and epithelial cells. The response of gills sampled from fish exposed to low pH and elevated aluminum was more pronounced relative to the low pH exposure alone. In addition to the effects observed in the low pH exposed fish, the gills from fish exposed to both acid and aluminum exhibited vacuolation and degeneration of epithelial and chloride cells and the presence of dense cells. Finally, fish confined in PVC tubes designed to mimic in situ field exposure procedures were more sensitive to the toxic effects of acid and aluminum compared to free-swimming fish. Caution must be taken when extrapolating safe field levels from in situ exposures of caged fish.

scholarly journals Exercise Training in Skeletal Muscle of Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis)

1980 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
IAN A. JOHNSTON ◽  
THOMAS W. MOON
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Glycolytic Enzyme ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Red And White Muscles

1. The differentiation of myotomal muscles in the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill) has been investigated using p-phenylene diamine stained semi-thin sections and cytochemical and quantitative determinations of enzyme activities. 2. Evidence is presented that the range of fibre size in white muscle represents stages in growth rather than distinct fibre types. 3. Electromyography shows that both red and white muscles are recruited for sustained swimming. The threshold swimming speed for recruitment of white fibres is around 1·8 body length/s (L/s). 4. White muscle citrate synthetase and cytochrome oxidase activities are 25–35% that of red muscle. Hexokinase, phosphorylase and phosphofructo-kinase activities are 2, 4 and 2 times higher in white than red muscles. It is considered that the aerobic capacity of white muscle is sufficient to support sustained swimming, and that blood glucose could be an important fuel source. 5. Endurance exercise training has been investigated in fish swimming, continuously, for 21 days at 3 L/s. This training regime restricts spontaneous high-speed swimming activity and resulted in a general decline of white muscle glycolytic enzyme activities. Red fibres underwent hyper-trophy relative to non-exercised controls (530 ± 64 μm2 non-exercised, 901 ± 63 μm2 trained). Aerobic enzyme activities in red muscle and the fraction of fibre volume occupied by mitochondria (30·2 ± 0·8%) did not change in response to the training programme, but glycolytic enzyme activities were elevated. 3-OH Acyl CoA dehydrogenase activities increased in both red and white muscles indicating an enhanced capacity for fatty acid catabolism with training. 6. Plasma and muscle lactate levels were not statistically different between tank-rested and trained fish swimming at 3 L/s. 7. Adaptations of fish muscle to endurance training are discussed and compared with results for other vertebrates.

Impact of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Predation on the Crayfish Orconectes virilis in Three Michigan Lakes

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1191-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gowing ◽  
W. T. Momot
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Orconectes Virilis ◽  
Trout Population ◽  
Production Growth ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Northern Michigan

The crayfish Orconectes virilis is a major component of the benthos of three small lakes in northern Michigan. These lakes contained stocked brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations (age-0 and age-I) at densities of 188, 411, and 1398 fish/ha. Crayfish were preyed upon by brook trout, but only during their first year of life. Two-year production of age-0 crayfish was approximately 94 kg in each lake; brook trout consumed only about 1–2% in lakes with lower density offish. Even with greater trout density and accompanying higher rate of exploitation (40%), there was no impact on recruitment of young crayfish because compensatory mortality of crayfish occurred in lakes with less trout predation. However, stocking trout at higher densities decreased trout growth and condition. While 2-yr production was highest (59 kg/ha) in the lake stocked at the highest density and lowest (17 kg/ha) in one stocked at the lowest density, the former was achieved at the cost of a very slow growing trout population. Most of the crayfish production is not utilized as trout food but enters the non-predatory pool of detrital organic matter. Key words: Orconectes virilis, brook trout, predation, production growth, mortality

Effects of temperature fluctuations and photoperiod on hatching in the parasitic copepod Salmincola edwardsii

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1330-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Poulin ◽  
David C. Conley ◽  
Mark A. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Parasitic Copepod ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Daily Changes

In laboratory experiments, we studied the effects of the day–night cycle (photoperiod and temperature fluctuations) on the initiation of hatching and hatching rate in egg sacs of the copepod Salmincola edwardsii, ectoparasitic on brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Pairs of egg sacs were removed from adult female copepods; for each pair, one sac was placed under experimental conditions and the other one was kept under constant conditions, providing an ideal control. Photoperiod had no significant effect on the initiation of hatching or hatching rate. The observed effects of temperature fluctuations were associated with water temperature itself, and appeared independent of whether it was fluctuating or constant. We conclude that hatching in S. edwardsii is not rhythmical but spontaneous, showing no relationship with daily changes in host vulnerability.

Changes in a Stream Population of Trout Associated with Increased Silt

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Saunders ◽  
M.W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis

Low standing crops of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, were closely associated with silting in Ellerslie Brook, Prince Edward Island, and appeared to result from the destruction of hiding places. Spawning was also curtailed by silting. Following scouring, trout stocks soon increased. The remarkable adaptability of trout to silting, in a habitat with favourable flow and water temperature, was illustrated.

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