Post-Spawning Death of Pacific Salmon: Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Maturing and Spawning in Captivity

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 775-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McBride ◽  
U. H. M. Fagerlund ◽  
M. Smith ◽  
N. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Post Spawning ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

It has been shown that sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, will start to eat soon after capture during their freshwater spawning migration. Some will continue to eat up to, during, and after spawning, while others stop eating shortly before spawning. The effect of feeding has been investigated histologically in a number of tissues by comparison of feeding fish, unfed controls, and fish spawned in the wild. Atrophy, and often degeneration of the liver, stomach, and intestine in post-spawned unfed controls and fish spawned in the wild was equally marked, but was absent or much less pronounced in fed fish.

Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration: XI. The Free Histidine Content of the Tissues

1960 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
D. W. Duncan ◽  
M. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Biochemical Studies

During the first 250 miles (400 km) of spawning migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) the free histidine content of the muscle, alimentary tract, and head+skin+bones+tail decreased to a small fraction of the initial value. A further decrease occurred in the levels of this amino acid in the alimentary tract during the subsequent 415-mile (657-km) migration to the spawning grounds, no change being observed with the other tissues. Comparatively small changes in free histidine were found with heart, spleen, liver, kidney and gonads during migration.

An Acoustic Estimate of the Escapement of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) into Lake Washington in 1971

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Thorne ◽  
James J. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Spawning Ground ◽  
Large Fish ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lake Washington

The feasibility of estimating the escapement of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) into Lake Washington by hydroacoustics was explored during 1971. Surveys were made of large fish targets within the lake just before and after the spawning migration of sockeye salmon up the Cedar River. A decrease was observed after the spawning migration comparable to the estimated escapement as determined by weir counts and spawning ground surveys.

Xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activity in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during spawning migration

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Kennish ◽  
Reese A. Bolinger ◽  
Kent A. Chambers ◽  
Melinda L. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Metabolizing Enzyme

Effects of Androgens, Estrogens, and Cortisol on the Skin, Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, and Kidney in Gonadectomized Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McBride ◽  
A. P. van Overbeeke
Keyword(s):  
Islets Of Langerhans ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Skin Atrophy ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Marked Atrophy

A study was made of the histological changes occurring in the skin, stomach, liver, pancreas and kidney of adult gonadectomized male and female sockeye salmon in response to hormone treatments. The males received 11-ketotestosterone, 17α-methyltestosterone or cortisol for 4 or 7 weeks, and the females received estradiol, estradiol cypionate, or cortisol for 8 weeks.In the males, androgen injection evoked a highly significant increase in the thickness of the epidermis, a marked atrophy of the stomach, and a degeneration in the liver and kidney. In the pancreas, the exocrine portion showed characteristics of cytolysis in the acini, whereas the islets of Langerhans were hypertrophied. These changes were generally more pronounced after 7 weeks than after 4 but, in the skin, no further increase in the thickening of the epidermis was noted after the 4th week of treatment. No differences between responses of these tissues to 11-ketotestosterone and 17α-methyltestosterosne were detected.Estrogen administration in the females evoked similar, albeit weaker, responses in the skin, stomach, pancreas, and kidney than those recorded in the androgen-treated males. The liver of the females exhibited the characteristics of a hyperactive organ, which probably reflects estrogen-induced vitellogenesis.The effects of cortisol were similar in both sexes: little, if any, change was noted in the skin; atrophy or degeneration was observed in the stomach, liver, kidney, and in the exocrine portion of the pancreas, and the islets of Langerhans were hypertrophied. The cortisol-induced alterations were not, however, as pronounced as those noted in either the androgen- or estrogen-treated fish.These changes are discussed in relation to the changes observed in normal sexually maturing and reproducing Pacific salmon.

scholarly journals Conservation physiology in practice: how physiological knowledge has improved our ability to sustainably manage Pacific salmon during up-river migration

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1596) ◽  
pp. 1757-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Cooke ◽  
Scott G. Hinch ◽  
Michael R. Donaldson ◽  
Timothy D. Clark ◽  
Erika J. Eliason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Conservation Physiology ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Capture And Release ◽  
Novel Applications ◽  
River Migration

Despite growing interest in conservation physiology, practical examples of how physiology has helped to understand or to solve conservation problems remain scarce. Over the past decade, an interdisciplinary research team has used a conservation physiology approach to address topical conservation concerns for Pacific salmon. Here, we review how novel applications of tools such as physiological telemetry, functional genomics and laboratory experiments on cardiorespiratory physiology have shed light on the effect of fisheries capture and release, disease and individual condition, and stock-specific consequences of warming river temperatures, respectively, and discuss how these findings have or have not benefited Pacific salmon management. Overall, physiological tools have provided remarkable insights into the effects of fisheries capture and have helped to enhance techniques for facilitating recovery from fisheries capture. Stock-specific cardiorespiratory thresholds for thermal tolerances have been identified for sockeye salmon and can be used by managers to better predict migration success, representing a rare example that links a physiological scope to fitness in the wild population. Functional genomics approaches have identified physiological signatures predictive of individual migration mortality. Although fisheries managers are primarily concerned with population-level processes, understanding the causes of en route mortality provides a mechanistic explanation and can be used to refine management models. We discuss the challenges that we have overcome, as well as those that we continue to face, in making conservation physiology relevant to managers of Pacific salmon.

scholarly journals Physiology of individual late-run Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) sampled in the ocean correlates with fate during spawning migration

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1469-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J Cooke ◽  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Glenn T Crossin ◽  
David A Patterson ◽  
Karl K English ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Plasma Estradiol ◽  
Somatic Energy ◽  
Estradiol Levels

Beginning in 1995, segments of the late-run sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) stocks from the Fraser River, British Columbia, have initiated upriver spawning migration up to 6 weeks earlier than historical records; and those fish have experienced high rates of en route mortality. We examined the correlations between physiological and energetic status prior to river entry with subsequent migratory performance of individual salmon using telemetry and noninvasive biopsies for Adams–Thompson–Shuswap (Adams) and Weaver–Harrison (W–H) stocks. Salmon that failed to reach the river were characterized by a tendency to have elevated levels of chronic and acute stress indicators. For one stock of fish (i.e., Adams) that entered the river, those that died before reaching spawning grounds were individuals with low gross somatic energy. Furthermore, females tended to have elevated plasma estradiol levels. When contrasting fish with different behaviours and fates, fish that did not hold in the estuary and subsequently died tended to have less energy than fish that held and reached spawning areas. Females from the former group also had higher 11-ketotestosterone and estradiol levels relative to those from the later group. These data suggest that differences in physiological and energetic status may be associated with high en route mortality in late-run sockeye salmon.

Resumption of Feeding by and Survival of Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Following Advanced Gonad Development

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McBride ◽  
U. H. M. Fagerlund ◽  
M. Smith ◽  
N. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
First Time

Adult, migrating, fasting sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were held in captivity in fresh water without spawning well beyond the time when they would normally have done so and died. A few of the fish were then gonadectomized and force feeding was begun. A few unoperated fish were fed similarly while the remainder served as unoperated, unfed controls. The gonads of the operated fish were well developed. After a period of feeding of about four months some fish in each group had survived. The fed fish had regained their green color and much of their weight and vigor, while the surviving unfed fish were extremely emaciated and listless. At this time voluntary feeding by the force-fed fish was observed for the first time, and it was then found that the five surviving unfed controls would also take food voluntarily. While two of these fish died without apparent improvement in their condition, the other three gradually regained green color, weight and vigor.

A hierarchical model for salmon run reconstruction and application to the Bristol Bay sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fishery

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1564-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Flynn ◽  
André E Punt ◽  
Ray Hilborn
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Bristol Bay ◽  
Process Error ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
River Test ◽  
Run Timing

The goal of spreading the annual catch of a Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) run proportionally across all segments of the migration is rendered difficult or impossible because of the interannual variability in both run size and run timing. This problem is particularly acute in the case of the fishery for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Bristol Bay, Alaska, for which traditional run reconstruction models are not applicable because of the extreme temporal compression of the run. We develop a run reconstruction model appropriate for sockeye salmon in Bristol Bay by accounting for the hierarchical structure of the problem and by including process error. Our results indicate that the hierarchical structure is, in fact, not necessary, whereas the process error parameters are needed to fit the data. We suggest further model development without the hierarchical structure, including incorporating in-river test fishing data. The results of our method can be used to address questions regarding environmental or intrinsic drivers of run timing and the possibility of artificial selection on run timing.

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