Current Response and Agonistic Behavior in Newly Emerged Fry of Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from Ocean- and Stream- Type Populations

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric B. Taylor ◽  
P. A. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Current Response ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Life History Pattern ◽  
Stream Type

In Slim Creek, a tributary to the upper Fraser River east of Prince George, B.C., chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fry summer and overwinter in their natal stream before migrating seaward as yearlings; they are "stream-type" in juvenile life history pattern. From the Harrison River, a tributary to the lower Fraser River, chinook fry migrate to the Fraser River estuary sometime during their first spring or early summer; they are "ocean-type." Newly emerged chinook fry from Slim Creek showed a stronger positive current response, were more aggressive in mirror image stimulation tests and intra- and inter-specific (with coho salmon (O. kisutch) fry) stream tank tests, and had larger and more brightly colored median fins than chinook fry from the Harrison River. These differences between Slim Creek and Harrison River chinook fry are in a direction consistent with their different patterns of length of freshwater residence as juveniles, since aggressive behavior, positive rheotaxis, and bright fin coloration are important components of extended stream residence in salmonids.

Individual variation in dispersal behaviour of newly emerged chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1585-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Bradford ◽  
G C Taylor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
Stream Type ◽  
Downstream Movement

Immediately after emergence from spawning gravels, fry of stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations from tributaries of the upper Fraser River, British Columbia, distribute themselves downstream from the spawning areas, throughout the natal stream, and into the Fraser River. We tested the hypothesis that this range in dispersal distances is caused by innate differences in nocturnal migratory tendency among individuals. Using an experimental stream channel, we found repeatable differences in downstream movement behaviour among newly emerged chinook fry. Fish that moved downstream were larger than those that held position in the channel. However, the incidence of downstream movement behaviours decreased over the first 2 weeks after emergence. We propose that the variation among individuals in downstream movement behaviour we observed leads to the dispersal of newly emerged fry throughout all available rearing habitats. Thus, between- and within-population variation in the freshwater life history observed in these populations may be caused by small differences in the behaviour of individuals.

Extensive use of the Fraser River basin as winter habitat by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1759-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Levings ◽  
R. B. Lauzier
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Winter Habitat ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
System Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
Stream Type

Habitat in the low-water channel of the mainstem Fraser River and larger tributaries during winter may be an unappreciated factor influencing production of stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in this system. Data from electrofishing surveys showed that shorelines were used by juvenile chinook from river km 110 to km 770. Almost the entire mainstem was therefore probably winter habitat, and major tributaries such as the Thompson, Quesnel, and Nechako rivers were also used. Estimated chinook density on the mainstem Fraser increased with distance upstream (maximum 0.30 m−2 at km 750 (Prince George)), but the highest density (0.99 m−2) in the surveys was observed on the Thompson River at Spences Bridge. The mean size of juvenile chinook decreased with distance upstream on the Fraser, ranging from 97 mm at km 110 to 65 mm at km 770. Chinook juveniles were feeding on Diptera, Trichoptera, and Plecoptera in winter. Some apparent growth was observed in the lower Fraser in early winter.

Ceratomyxa shasta Noble, 1950 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) present in the Fraser River system of British Columbia

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1991-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
River System ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Steelhead Trout

An examination of 220 chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), 84 coho salmon (O. kisutch), 145 steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), and 21 cutthroat trout (S. clarki) for Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) from 16 localities in the Fraser River drainage, British Columbia, showed that at all sites examined these salmonid species were infected, with a prevalence ranging between 11 and 100%. The study concludes that C. shasta, the causative agent of the salmonid disease ceratomyxosis, is widely distributed in the Fraser drainage basin and discusses these results in relation to proposed fish culture in the region.

Genetic Control of Juvenile Life History Pattern in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 2300-2306 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Craig Clarke ◽  
Ruth E. Withler ◽  
John E. Shelbourn
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Photoperiod Regime ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Life History Pattern ◽  
Stream Type

To investigate the genetic basis for the difference in photoperiod responses between juvenile ocean-type and stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), we conducted two crossing experiments and exposed the progeny to either a short- or long-day photoperiod for 10 wk from the time of first feeding. The first experiment examined the photoperiod response of pure and reciprocal crosses among red- and white-fleshed Quesnel River (stream-type) chinook salmon. The second experiment tested the photoperiod response of pure and reciprocal crosses between Quesnel River (stream-type) and Conuma River (ocean-type) chinook salmon. In both experiments, Quesnel chinook salmon fry (both red and white fleshed) sustained a high growth rate and developed a high degree of seawater adaptability only when exposed first to a short-day photoperiod for 10 wk and then to a long-day photoperiod. In contrast, the Conuma River chinook salmon grew rapidly and developed the increased seawater adaptability characteristic of smolts when reared on either photoperiod regime. Reciprocal Conuma–Quesnel hybrids displayed the ocean-type pattern of development, indicating that the photoperiod-independent phenotype is dominant and not under maternal control.

Seasonal Changes in Feeding of Coho and Chinook (Spring) Salmon in Southern British Columbia Waters

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 851-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Prakash
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Feeding Intensity ◽  
Varied Diet ◽  
Food And Feeding

Food study based on the stomach analyses of 551 chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and 659 coho salmon (O. kisutch) collected from the various localities along the southern British Columbia coast during the summer of 1957 revealed that herring followed by crustaceans formed the most important items of the diet of the two species. Coho salmon exhibited a more pelagic and varied diet than chinook salmon caught in the same area. Definite seasonal fluctuations in the composition of food and feeding intensity were noticed. Considerable amounts of Crustacea were taken in early summer months and after that fish assumed importance.Qualitative and quantitative differences in the feeding of these two species on the east and west coasts of Vancouver Island appear to warrant the establishment of two food type areas, Although herring constitute the major food item of both spring and coho salmon, evidences are presented in support of the hypothesis that a change in herring stock is not likely to affect salmon abundance in British Columbia coastal waters.

Adaptive Variation in Rheotactic and Agonistic Behavior in Newly Emerged Fry of Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from Ocean- and Stream-Type Populations

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Agonistic Behavior ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Current Response ◽  
Body Morphology ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Stream Type ◽  
Downstream Movement

Agonistic and rheotactic behavior and body morphology were compared in recently emerged, laboratory-reared chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from two "stream-type" and two "ocean-type" populations. Newly emerged chinook fry from the stream-type populations (Slim Creek and the Eagle River) were more aggressive than fry from the ocean-type populations (the Nanaimo and Harrison rivers). Slim Creek fry were consistently the most aggressive. There was no clear distinction in rheotactic behavior between stream- and ocean-type chinook; Harrison River, ocean-type chinook fry had the strongest downstream movement in "dark" current response tests, but fry from the other three populations had similar movement scores in both light and dark tests. Fry from the four populations were morphologically distinct; however, there was no clear separation in body morphology or coloration based on life history type. These differences exhibited in laboratory-reared fry indicate that they are, at least in part, inherited. I conclude that a fundamental genetic difference in agonistic behavior exists between stream- and ocean-type chinook juveniles. A genetic dichotomy between stream- and ocean-type chinook in rheotactic behavior and morphology, however, may be overidden by population-specific local adaptations, independent of life history type.

Rates of straying by hatchery-produced Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) differ among species, life history types, and populations

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 735-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A.H. Westley ◽  
Thomas P. Quinn ◽  
Andrew H. Dittman
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Endocrine Factors ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Stream Type

Here we ask whether straying differs among species, life history types, and populations of adult hatchery-produced Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Columbia River basin. Previous estimates of straying have been confounded by various factors influencing the probability of individuals returning to non-natal sites (e.g., off-station releases), whereas analyses undertaken here of nearly a quarter million coded-wire tag recoveries control for these factors. Our results revealed large and generally consistent differences in the propensity to stray among species, life history types within species, and populations. Paired releases indicated that (i) Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) strayed more (mean population range 0.11%–34.6%) than coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (0.08%–0.94%); (ii) ocean-type Chinook (5.2%–18.6%) strayed more than stream-type Chinook (0.11%–10%); and Chinook salmon (0.90%–54.9%) strayed more than steelhead (0.30%–2.3%). We conclude these patterns are largely the result of species-specific behavioral and endocrine factors during the juvenile life stages, but analyses also suggest that environmental factors can influence straying during the adult upstream migration.

Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): experimental transmission and natural infections in the Fraser River, British Columbia

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1737-1740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Bower
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Experimental Transmission ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
Intraperitoneal Inoculation

Ceratomyxa shasta (mainly trophozoites) from the intestinal tract of a naturally infected juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) developed in the coelom of laboratory-reared chinook salmon when inoculated intraperitoneally. All developmental stages were observed. Successful subpassages were accomplished by intraperitoneal inoculation of trophozoites and sporoblasts, but an infection did not develop when these stages were pipetted into the esophagus of susceptible fish. Heavy infections, including the presence of C. shasta sporoblasts or spores, were observed in 2 of 28 feral juvenile chinook salmon seined from the Fraser River estuary in late July and early August. Trophozoite-like cells were observed in six other chinook salmon from this group. No C. shasta were observed in 15 juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) caught in the estuary along with the chinook salmon.

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