Freshwater Migration as a Determinant Factor in the Somatic Cost of Reproduction of Two Anadromous Coregonines of James Bay

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Lambert ◽  
Julian J. Dodson

We tested the hypothesis that the species-specific costs of migration differentially affect reproductive effort and somatic cost of reproduction in sympatric anadromous populations of cisco (Coregonus artedii) and lake whitefish (C. clupeaformis) of James Bay. Reproductive effort, which includes the energy cost of migration, is higher for cisco. Female cisco allocate more energy to reproduction than its total energy gain. The energy invested by lake whitefish in reproduction is approximately equal to its seasonal energy gain. Reproduction results in large differences in the energy content of gonads, viscera, and carcass between reproductive and nonreproductive fish of the same length. Neither cisco nor lake whitefish are able to spawn two years in succession. The somatic energy increase of reproductive female cisco is 121% lower than the somatic energy increase of nonreproductive females; similar comparisons are 89% (female) and 103% (male) for lake whitefish. The energy cost of migration is largely responsible for the higher somatic cost of reproduction observed for cisco. These different somatic costs of migration are related to resource accumulation prior to migration and to differences in the aerobic cost of swimming between the two species in combination with the difficulty of the freshwater migration.

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 1683-1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Muir

The cost of reproduction to the clonal understorey herb Asarum canadense (wild ginger) was examined by measuring subsequent growth and storage. All connected vegetative rhizome was controlled and fully measured. Three important aspects of reproductive effort were addressed: (i) the effect of sexual reproduction on subsequent storage and growth of fragments, (ii) the effect of asexual reproduction on subsequent storage and growth of fragments, and (iii) a comparison to determine the least costly method of reproduction. It was found that sexual reproduction in wild ginger has an energy cost that diverts energy from storage and growth. Asexual reproduction represents neither a net energy cost nor gain to the fragment and is the least costly mode of reproduction to wild ginger. Key words: Asarum canadense, reproduction, rhizome, clonal.


1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Lambert ◽  
Julian J. Dodson

We tested the hypothesis that differences in the cost of freshwater migration are responsible for the different reproductive patterns exhibited by the Eastmain River (James Bay) populations of anadromous cisco and lake whitefish, as predicted by species-specific migration costs that result in interspecific differences in energy allocation to growth, survival, and reproduction. In the Eastmain River, cisco spawn at a younger age and a smaller size, have a shorter life span and show a higher fecundity and a higher mortality than lake whitefish. Assuming that the two populations are stable (being only lightly exploited), the two species spawn at an age that maximizes their lifetime fecundity. Either juvenile (between three and age at maturity) and/or adult mortality is of major importance in moulding the observed age at maturity but adult mortality may play a predominant role. Adult mortality is associated with migration, an obligatory cost representing a major proportion of the energy loss experienced by reproductive individuals. The difference in the energy cost of migration between the two species suggests that migration may play a predominant role in producing the different reproductive patterns of cisco and lake whitefish in the Eastmain River and that within the physiological and size constraints of each species, these patterns represent optimal adaptations maximizing fitness.


The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay J. Rotella ◽  
Robert G. Clark ◽  
Alan D. Afton

AbstractIn birds, larger females generally have greater breeding propensity, reproductive investment, and success than do smaller females. However, optimal female body size also depends on how natural selection acts during other parts of the life cycle. Larger female Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) produce larger eggs than do smaller females, and ducklings from larger eggs survive better than those hatching from smaller eggs. Accordingly, we examined patterns of apparent annual survival for female scaup and tested whether natural selection on female body size primarily was stabilizing, a frequent assumption in studies of sexually dimorphic species in which males are the larger sex, or was directional, counteracting reproductive advantages of large size. We estimated survival using mark-recapture methods for individually marked females from two study sites in Canada (Erickson, Manitoba; St. Denis, Saskatchewan). Structurally larger (adults) and heavier (ducklings) females had lower survival than did smaller individuals in Manitoba; no relationship was detected in adults from Saskatchewan. Survival of adult females declined with indices of increasing reproductive effort at both sites; consequently, the cost of reproduction could explain age-related patterns of breeding propensity in scaup. Furthermore, if larger females are more likely to breed than are smaller females, then cost of reproduction also may help explain why survival was lower for larger females. Overall, we found that advantages of large body size of female scaup during breeding or as young ducklings apparently were counteracted by natural selection favoring lightweight juveniles and structurally smaller adult females through higher annual survival.Sobrevivencia de Aythya affinis: Efectos del Tamaño Corporal, Edad y Esfuerzo ReproductivoResumen. En las aves, las hembras de mayor tamaño generalmente presentan una mayor predisposición a la reproducción, mayor inversión reproductiva y mayor éxito que las hembras de menor tamaño. Sin embargo, el tamaño óptimo de la hembra también depende de cómo la selección natural opera durante otras etapas del ciclo de vida. Hembras de Aythya affinis más grandes producen huevos de mayor tamaño que hembras más pequeñas, y los polluelos provenientes de huevos más grandes sobreviven mejor que aquellos que eclosionan de huevos más pequeños. Consiguientemente, examinamos los patrones de sobrevivencia anual aparente para hembras de A. affinis y probamos si la selección natural sobre el tamaño del cuerpo de las hembras era principalmente estabilizadora (una suposición frecuente en estudios de especies sexualmente dimórficas en que los machos son el sexo mayor), o era direccional, contrarrestando las ventajas reproductivas de un tamaño mayor. Estimamos la sobrevivencia de hembras utilizando métodos de marcaje y recaptura en dos sitios de estudio (Erickson, Manitoba; St. Denis, Saskatchewan). Hembras estructuralmente más grandes (adultas) y más pesadas (polluelos) tuvieron una menor sobrevivencia que individuos más pequeños en Manitoba; no se detectó una relación entre adultos de Saskatchewan. En ambos sitios la sobrevivencia de hembras adultas decreció con los índices de incremento de esfuerzo reproductivo; consecuentemente el costo reproductivo podría explicar los patrones de predisposición reproductiva relacionados a la edad en A. affinis. Además, si las hembras de mayor tamaño presentan mayor probabilidad de reproducirse que las hembras pequeñas, entonces el costo reproductivo también podría ayudar a explicar porqué la sobrevivencia fue menor para hembras más grandes. En general encontramos que en las hembras de A. affinis las ventajas de un tamaño corporal grande durante la cría o como juveniles fueron aparentemente contrarestadas por la selección natural que favorece juveniles de peso liviano y hembras adultas estructuralmente más pequeñas a través de una mayor sobrevivencia anual.


2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. e23069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ziomkiewicz ◽  
Amara Frumkin ◽  
Yawei Zhang ◽  
Amelia Sancilio ◽  
Richard G. Bribiescas

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1906-1912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd W. Arnold

Recently, Zammuto (R. M. Zammuto. 1986. Can. J. Zool. 64: 2739–2749) suggested that North American game birds exhibited survival–fecundity trade-offs consistent with the "cost of reproduction" hypothesis. However, there were four serious problems with the data and the analyses that Zammuto used: (i) the species chosen for analysis ("game birds") showed little taxonomic or ecological uniformity, (ii) the measures of future reproductive value (maximum longevity) were severely biased by unequal sample sizes of band recoveries, (iii) the measures of current reproductive effort (clutch sizes) were inappropriate given that most of the birds analyzed produce self-feeding precocial offspring, and (iv) the statistical units used in the majority of analyses (species) were not statistically independent with respect to higher level taxonomy. After correcting these problems, I found little evidence of survival–fecundity trade-offs among precocial game birds, and I attribute most of the explainable variation in life-history traits of these birds to allometry, phylogeny, and geography.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e0145753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ziomkiewicz ◽  
Amelia Sancilio ◽  
Andrzej Galbarczyk ◽  
Magdalena Klimek ◽  
Grazyna Jasienska ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 463-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Dehn ◽  
R.C. Ydenberg ◽  
L.M. Dill

Predation danger is pervasive for small mammals and is expected to select strongly for behavioural tactics that reduce the risk. In particular, since it may be considered a cost of reproduction, predation danger is expected to affect the level of reproductive effort. We test this hypothesis in a population of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord, 1815)) under seminatural conditions in field enclosures. We manipulated the voles’ perception of predation danger by adjusting the available cover and measured giving up density (GUD) in food patches to verify that the perception of danger differed between high- and low-cover treatments. Treatments did not differ in actual predation rate, in vole density, or in the quantity or quality of food. During the experiments, we measured indices of vole reproductive effort including activity (electronic detectors), foraging intensity (fecal plates), and the number of young produced (livetrapping). Voles in the high-cover (lower danger) treatments were more active, foraged more, and produced 85% more young per female per trap period than voles in the low-cover (higher danger) treatment. We briefly discuss the population consequences of this adaptive behavioural flexibility.


1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2782-2791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Benton

Energy budgets were calculated for two populations of Ameletus occupying thermally disparate habitats. Growth, consumption, respiration, fecundity, and energy content of larvae and eggs were determined experimentally. Respiration rates increased and decreased with temperature throughout the life cycles of both species, although thermal effects became less pronounced with increased body size. Ameletus similior exhibited more uniform and consistently higher respiration values than Ameletus celer. Respiration costs were not constant over the life cycle of either species as has been reported for some other mayflies. Growth was influenced by both temperature (which affected instar duration) and body size (which affected growth ratio). Growth corresponded positively to temperature in both species, but was more uniform in A. celer. Net growth efficiency and assimilation were highest during cold periods in A. celer, but highest during warmer periods in A. similior. Consumption estimates were high even after adjustments for projected nonfeeding time, but unless food availability or handling time is limiting, the feeding rate of Ameletus relative to body mass may be higher than rates reported for other aquatic insect larvae. Several sources of error in consumption estimates existed, however. Assimilation efficiencies were low, but comparable to those for other herbivorous aquatic insects. Reproductive effort was higher in A. celer, but net reproductive effort was lower. The higher net reproductive effort by A. similior did not result in increased fecundity as expected, but in higher egg energy content. This and other factors suggest that A. similior displays more "K-selected" traits than A. celer, and indicates that greater fitness may not necessarily be synonymous with higher fecundity in all mayflies in all habitats.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther R. Frei ◽  
Greg H.R. Henry

Arctic regions are particularly affected by rapidly rising temperatures and altered snow regimes. Snowmelt timing depends on spring temperatures and winter snow accumulation. Scenarios for the Arctic include both decreases and increases in snow accumulation. Predictions of future snowmelt timing are thus difficult and experimental evidence for ecological consequences is scarce. In 1995, a long-term factorial experiment was set up in a High Arctic evergreen shrub heath community on Ellesmere Island, Canada. We investigated how snow removal, snow addition and passive warming affected phenology, growth and reproductive effort of the four common tundra plant species <i>Cassiope tetragona</i>, <i>Dryas integrifolia</i>, <i>Luzula arctica</i> and <i>Papaver radicatum</i>. Timing of flowering and seed maturation as well as flower production were more strongly influenced by the combined effects of snowmelt timing and warming in the two shrub species than in the two herbaceous species. Warming effects persisted over the course of the growing season and resulted in increased shrub growth. Moreover, the long-term trend of increasing growth in two species suggests that ambient warming promotes tundra plant growth. Our results confirm the importance of complex interactions between temperature and snowmelt timing in driving species-specific plant responses to climate change in the Arctic.


PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia de Caralt ◽  
Janina González ◽  
Xavier Turon ◽  
María J. Uriz

Despite their abundance in benthic ecosystems, life cycles and reproductive features of most sponge species remain unknown. We have studied the main reproductive features of two demosponges,Dysidea avaraandPhorbas tenacior,belonging to phylogenetically distant groups: Orders Dictyoceratida and Poecilosclerida, respectively. Both sponges are abundant and share habitat in the Mediterranean rocky sublittoral. They brood parenchymella larvae with different morphology and behaviour. Sampling was conducted monthly over a two-year period in a locality where both species coexist. The two species reproduced in spring-summer, and presented species-specific reproductive features despite being subject to the same environmental conditions.D. avarahas a shorter reproductive period thanP. tenacior, ending before the peak of temperature in summer, while the reproductive period ofP. tenaciorlasts until beginning of autumn. Brooding larvae were present in June-July inD. avara, and in August-October inP. tenacior. Larval size, reproductive effort and number of larvae produced (measured the month with the maximum production) were significantly higher inD. avarathan inP. tenacior. A higher reproductive effort and larval traits point to a more opportunistic life strategy inD. avarathan inP. tenacior.A lack of overlap in the timing of larval release, as well as different reproductive traits, may reduce competition and facilitate the coexistence of these two sympatric and abundant sponges.


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