ARROW Oil Spill, 1970–90: Persistence of 20-yr Weathered Bunker C Fuel Oil

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Vandermeulen ◽  
J. G. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Inverse Function ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Beach Sediment ◽  
Sediment Reworking ◽  
Oil Residue ◽  
Sediment Permeability ◽  
Spilled Oil

A full range of weathered petroleum residues persist in two beach sites in Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia, 20 yr after the ARROW Bunker C spill. Both sites contained ARROW bunker fuel residues (pentacyclic triterpane characterization). Residues from "tar pavement" and a tar deposit within a cobble spit retained many components of original ARROW Bunker C fuel. Results indicate that long-term persistence is a direct function of beach sediment permeability, and of the depth to which entrapped tar residues penetrate; persistence is an inverse function of the frequency and depth of sediment reworking during tidal incursions. Cobble beaches represent an extreme example, with the interstices acting as low-energy sinks for spilled oil. A revised model for oil stranding and fate proposes two distinct environmental reservoirs of stranded oil residue in these medium-grained beaches: the interstitual residue as the major long-term source and surface-stranded residue as the minor source, each with its own weathering rate, history, and persistence. Such in-beach sequestered oils undergo much slower weathering than surface-stranded residues, persist longer, and continue to be remobilized. However, actual transfer of hydrocarbons from such deposits to tidal waters is very low (ppb).

LONG-TERM CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF A PERSISTENT OIL SPILL FOLLOWING THE GROUNDING OF THE GENERAL M. C. MEIGS

1975 ◽  
Vol 1975 (1) ◽  
pp. 479-487
Author(s):  
Robert C. Clark ◽  
John S. Finley ◽  
Benjamin G. Patten ◽  
Edward E. DeNike
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Intertidal Community ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Oil Residue

ABSTRACT Petroleum hydrocarbon uptake patterns and observations of plant and animal populations of an intertidal community exposed continually since January 1972 to small quantities of a Navy Special Fuel Oil residue from the grounded unmanned troopship General M. C. Meigs were obtained by an interagency team of oceanographers, biologists, chemists, and engineers. Although the tar-ball-like character of the released oil served to limit its coverage, specific members of the intertidal community showed effects of the persistence of the spill. This report describes the long-term observations and analyses made since the grounding of the 622-foot military transport on a rich and productive intertidal regime.

scholarly journals Damping Studies on PMLG-Based Wave Energy Converter under Oceanic Wave Climates

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 920
Author(s):  
Yue Hong ◽  
Irina Temiz ◽  
Jianfei Pan ◽  
Mikael Eriksson ◽  
Cecilia Boström
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Damping Coefficient ◽  
Irregular Wave ◽  
Ocean Wave Energy ◽  
Optimal Damping ◽  
The Impact

Wave energy converters (WECs), which are designed to harvest ocean wave energy, have recently been improved by the installation of numerous conversion mechanisms; however, it is still difficult to find an appropriate method that can compromise between strong environmental impact and robust performance by transforming irregular wave energy into stable electrical power. To solve this problem, an investigation into the impact of varied wave conditions on the dynamics of WECs and to determine an optimal factor for WECs to comply with long-term impacts was performed. In this work, we researched the performance of WECs influenced by wave climates. We used a permanent magnet linear generator (PMLG)-based WEC that was invented at Uppsala University. The damping effect was first studied with a PMLG-type WEC. Then, a group of sea states was selected to investigate their impact on the power production of the WEC. Two research sites were chosen to investigate the WEC’s annual energy production as well as a study on the optimal damping coefficient impact. In addition, we compared the WEC’s energy production between optimal damping and constant damping under a full range of sea states at both sites. Our results show that there is an optimal damping coefficient that can achieve the WEC’s maximum power output. For the chosen research sites, only a few optimal damping coefficients were able to contribute over 90% of the WEC’s annual energy production. In light of the comparison between optimal and constant damping, we conclude that, for specific regions, constant damping might be a better choice for WECs to optimize long-term energy production.

scholarly journals Modeling Nickel Leaching from Abandoned Mine Tailing Deposits in Jøssingfjorden

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 967
Author(s):  
Svetlana Pakhomova ◽  
Evgeniy Yakushev ◽  
Morten Thorne Schaanning
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Mine Tailing ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Sediment Reworking ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Best Available Technology ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
Nickel Leaching

Underwater disposal of mine tailings in lakes and seas has been considered favorable due to the geochemical stability obtained during long-term storage in anoxic sediments. Sulfides are stable in the ore; however, oxidation and transformation of some substances into more soluble forms may impact bioavailability processes and enhance the risk of toxic effects in the aquatic environment. The goal of this work was to construct a model for simulating the nickel (Ni) cycle in the water column and upper sediments and apply it to the mine tailing sea deposit in the Jøssingfjord, SouthWest Norway. A one-dimensional (1D) benthic–pelagic coupled biogeochemical model, BROM, supplemented with a Ni module specifically developed for the study was used. The model was optimized using field data collected from the fjord. The model predicted that the current high Ni concentrations in the sediment can be a potential source of Ni leaching to the water column until about 2040. The top 10 cm of sediments were classified as being of “poor” environmental state according to the Norwegian Quality Standards. A numerical experiment predicted that with complete cessation of the discharges there would be an improvement in the environmental state of sediment to “good” in about 20 years. On the other hand, doubling of discharge would lead to an increase in the Ni content in the sediment, approaching the boundary of the “very poor” environmental state. The model results demonstrated that Ni leaching from the sea deposits may be increased due to sediment reworking by bioturbation at the sediment–water interface. The model can be an instrument for analysis of different scenarios for mine tailing activities from point of view of reduction of environmental impact as a component of the best available technology.

scholarly journals Outcome after Two Sequential Revision Hip Arthroplasties for CoC Bearing Fracture with 10 Years Follow-up: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matevž Topolovec ◽  
Ingrid Milošev ◽  
Andrej Cör
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Hip Prosthesis ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Revision Operation ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Ceramic Liner ◽  
Bearing Couple ◽  
Hip Arthroplasties

Introduction: Revisions due to the fracture of ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) bearing are rare, however when they occur, they represent a major challenge to an orthopedic surgeon for ensuring safe and long-term survival of the replaced bearing. Case Report: We present a case of fractured ceramic liner of total hip prosthesis that underwent revision to a metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) bearing couple, with consequent huge periprosthetic metallosis. Shortly after, the second revision operation followed using the third bearing couple of ceramic-on-polyethylene (CoP). At 10 years follow-up after the operation due to ceramic fracture, the patient is now pain free with full range of motion of the revised hip. Conclusion: Establishment of diagnostic routes and recommended protocols for CoC bearing fracture would allow easier recognition of potential fracture and diminish its consequences for the patients. Keywords: Tribology, Revision Hip Arthroplasty, Ceramic Bearing Fracture.

scholarly journals The Effect of Incremental Changes in Phonotactic Probability and Neighborhood Density on Word Learning by Preschool Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1689-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly L. Storkel ◽  
Daniel E. Bontempo ◽  
Andrew J. Aschenbrenner ◽  
Junko Maekawa ◽  
Su-Yeon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Affect Recognition ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Phonotactic Probability ◽  
Sound Sequence

Purpose Phonotactic probability or neighborhood density has predominately been defined through the use of gross distinctions (i.e., low vs. high). In the current studies, the authors examined the influence of finer changes in probability (Experiment 1) and density (Experiment 2) on word learning. Method The authors examined the full range of probability or density by sampling 5 nonwords from each of 4 quartiles. Three- and 5-year-old children received training on nonword–nonobject pairs. Learning was measured in a picture-naming task immediately following training and 1 week after training. Results were analyzed through the use of multilevel modeling. Results A linear spline model best captured nonlinearities in phonotactic probability. Specifically, word learning improved as probability increased in the lowest quartile, worsened as probability increased in the mid-low quartile, and then remained stable and poor in the 2 highest quartiles. An ordinary linear model sufficiently described neighborhood density. Here, word learning improved as density increased across all quartiles. Conclusion Given these different patterns, phonotactic probability and neighborhood density appear to influence different word learning processes. Specifically, phonotactic probability may affect recognition that a sound sequence is an acceptable word in the language and is a novel word for the child, whereas neighborhood density may influence creation of a new representation in long-term memory.

Money as a Marker of Cultural Continuity and Change in Central Asia

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOE CRIBB
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Continuity And Change

This chapter examines the role of coins or money as a marker of cultural continuity and change in Central Asia. It explores the full range of surviving coins to create an overview of coinage in the region and suggests that the origins and progress of coinage in ancient Central Asia can be seen as creating for the region an emerging tradition framing both the long-term and the innovative elements which characterize the coins of the region as contributors to a unified pattern. The findings reveal that, for more than 1,000 years, the coinages of ancient Central Asia were part of a continuous tradition which illustrated the Greek and Iranian cultures of the region combined with the strong adherence of local settled communities to their nomad origins.

Kalaeloa: Combined Cycle Power Station Burning Low Sulfur Fuel Oil in Its Ninth Successful Year

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. R. Khalaf ◽  
B. Basler
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Performance Issues ◽  
Low Sulfur

This paper presents the O&M experience at the Kalaeloa Cogeneration Plant. Performance issues and other problems related to firing heavy oil in a combustion turbine are presented together with their long-term solutions leading to the current successful operation of the IPP power station in Hawaii, USA.

scholarly journals “Foreign Terrorist Fighters”: A Human Rights Approach?

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 120-172
Author(s):  
Helen Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The One ◽  
Long Term Impact

This article reflects on the proliferation of responses to the so-called phenomenon of “foreign terrorist fighters,” and the profound human rights challenges they give rise to. It considers national, regional and international developments, many spurred by an activist Security Council, through which expanded powers have been assumed and rights restricted by reference to the need to respond to ftf threats. A series of uncomfortable relationships emerge from this analysis. They include for example tensions: between the evolving and still relatively superficial understanding of the nature and source of uncertain threats and contributing factors on the one hand, and the onerous and far-reaching nature of responses directed against them on the other; between the expansive use of coercive measures including criminal law, and basic constraining principles of criminal law upon which its legitimacy and power depends, such as individual culpability, harm principle and remoteness; or between the original purposes of most ftf measures and their impact in practice, on the operation of humanitarian law, on humanitarian workers and human rights defenders, and on the rule of law. Exceptional ftf measures continue to spread their reach and creep into other areas of security and organised crime. The article highlights the need to consider the short and long term impact, on the full range of rights of many, of the array of administrative, criminal and other measures being passed into law and implemented in practice across the globe in the name of responding to the ill-defined phenomenon of “ftfs”.

Effect of non-aqueous phase liquid on biodegradation of PAHs in spilled oil on tidal flat

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kose ◽  
A. Miyagishi ◽  
T. Mukai ◽  
K. Takimoto ◽  
M. Okada
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Tidal Flat ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Dissolution Rates ◽  
Decrease Rate ◽  
Oil Biodegradation ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Phase Liquid ◽  
Spilled Oil

Biodegradation rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in spilled oil stranded on tidal flats were studied using model reactors to clarify the effects of NAPL on the biodegradation of PAHs in stranded oil on tidal flat with special emphasis on the relationship between dissolution rates of PAHs into water and viscosity of NAPL. Biodegradation of PAHs in NAPL was limited by the dissolution rates of PAHs into water. Biodegradation rate of chrysene was smaller than that for acenaphthene and phenanthrene due to the smaller dissolution rates. Dissolution rates of PAHs in fuel oil C were smaller those in crude oil due to high viscosity of fuel oil C. Therefore, biodegradation rates of PAHs in fuel oil C were smaller than those in crude oil. Biodegradation rates of PAHs in NAPL with slow decrease rate like fuel oil C were slower than those in NAPL with rapid decrease like crude oil. The smaller decrease rate of fuel oil C than crude oil was due to higher viscosity of fuel oil C. Therefore, not only the dissolution rate of PAHs but also the decrease rates of NAPL were important factors for the biodegradation of PAHs.

Farmers' role in sustainable agriculture research

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Lockeretz ◽  
Molly D. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Full Range ◽  
System Level ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Versus System ◽  
Level Versus ◽  
Publicly Supported

AbstractInvolvement of farmers in sustainable agricultural research can have important benefits, since farmers originated many sustainable agriculture innovations and can contribute a valuable perspective different from that of researchers. However, this does not mean, as is sometimes said, that all kinds of sustainable agricultural research necessarily should give farmers a major role—perhaps the dominant role—in choosing topics and overseeing the work. This belief overlooks the fact that farmers are just one of many groups that publicly supported research is supposed to serve and that their interests do not by themselves embody the full range of goals that sustainable agriculture tries to achieve. Moreover, although farmers can bring valuable insights to research, these alone will not be enough to insure that a sustainable agriculture research program has an appropriate mix of applied versus basic, short-term versus long-term, and component-level versus system-level studies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document