Multiple and different genomic rearrangements of the rbcL gene are present in the parasitic orchid Neottia nidus-avis

Genome ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (09) ◽  
pp. 629-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donata Cafasso ◽  
Gianni Chinali
Keyword(s):  
Plastid Genome ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Genomic Rearrangements ◽  
Rbcl Gene ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Photosynthetic Genes ◽  
Rbcl Sequences

In parasitic plants that have lost most, if not all, of their photosynthetic genes, the genome of their plastids has also undergone a dramatic reduction. For example, photosynthetic genes, such as rbcL, frequently become pseudogenes, in which large portions of the gene have been found to be deleted. Orchids are flowering plants with several parasitic lineages. This is consistent with the observation that parasitic orchids can invade pre-existing mutualistic associations between ectomycorrhizal trees and fungi to obtain fixed carbon and nutrients. In addition, some parasitic species are devoid of chlorophyll, and consequently, have lost their photosynthetic capacity. Here, the organization of the plastid genome of the parasitic orchid Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. was investigated using sequencing and hybridization experiments. In particular, genomic rearrangements in the rbcL region of this parasitic orchid were analyzed. At least three distinct rbcL sequences were found to be present as pseudogenes and were likely located in the plastid genome. Based on these results, it is hypothesized that N. nidus-avis contains different plastomes, each with a different pseudogene, and these can exist within the same individual plant.

Molecular Systematics of the Nepetoideae (Family Labiatae): Phylogenetic Implications from rbcL Gene Sequences

1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 635-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Kaufmann ◽  
Michael Wink
Keyword(s):  
Rbcl Gene ◽  
Character State ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Distance Methods ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
Viii And Ix ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Rbcl Gene Sequences ◽  
Rbcl Sequences

Abstract Total DNA was extracted from 41 species (20 genera) of the subfamily Nepetoideae (family Labiatae). Using rbcL-specific primers, the rbcL gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced directly. RbcL sequences were evaluated with character state (maximum parsimony; PAUP) and distance methods (neighbour-joining; MEGA). In agree­ ment with classical systematics all taxa studied cluster within the Nepetoideae and are clearly distinguished from members of the subfamily Lamioideae. A number of distinctive clades are apparent within the Nepetoideae:, and XIII -Perovskia. At least five main branches rep­ resenting the clades I, II, III to VII, VIII, and IX to XIII respectively, can be distinguished within the Nepetoideae studied. They might be considered representing the tribes (according to Cantino, 1992) Elsholtzieae (I), Lavanduleae (II), and Mentheae (III - XIII). The tribe Mentheae needs to be subdivided into at least three main groups (clades III-VII, VIII and IX -XIII). Major ana hortensis which is often classified as Origanum hortensis does not cluster with Origanum and deserves a generic status of its own.

What are the genomic consequences for plastids in a mixotrophic orchid (Epipactis helleborine)?

Botany ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Valencia-D. ◽  
William Mark Whitten ◽  
Kurt M Neubig
Keyword(s):  
Plastid Genome ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Stable Condition ◽  
Controlled Processes ◽  
Albino Plant ◽  
Photosynthetic Genes ◽  
Mycoheterotrophic Plants ◽  
Epipactis Helleborine ◽  
And Function ◽  
Green Coloration

The chloroplast (plastid) controls carbon uptake, so its DNA sequence and function are highly conserved throughout the land plants. But for those that have alternative carbon supplies, the plastid genome is susceptible to suffer mutations in the photosynthetic genes and overall size reduction. Fully mycoheterotrophic plants receive organic carbon from their fungi partner, do not photosynthesize and also do not exhibit green coloration (or produce substantial quantities of chlorophyll). Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz exhibits all trophic modes from autotrophy to full mycoheterotrophy. Albinism is a stable condition in individuals of this species and does not prevent them from producing flowers and fruits. Here we assemble and compare the plastid genome of green and albino individuals. Our results show that there is still strong selective pressure in the plastid genome. Therefore, the few punctual differences among them, to our knowledge, do not affect any normal photosynthetic capability in the albino plant. These findings suggest that mutations or other genetically controlled processes in other genomes, or environmental conditions, are responsible for the phenotype.

Corrigendum to: Batrachospermum pseudogelatinosum (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta), a polyecious paraspecies from Australia and New Zealand

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Entwisle ◽  
Morgan L. Vis ◽  
Hannah McPherson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Rbcl Gene ◽  
Taxonomic Character ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Rbcl Gene Sequences ◽  
Rbcl Sequences

New and existing collections of Batrachospermum pseudogelatinosum Entwisle & Vis, and related taxa, from Australia and New Zealand, were analysed to determine whether this morphologically diverse taxon should be further subdivided. In particular, the value of the taxonomic character 'dioecy/monoecy' was assessed with molecular (rbcL gene sequences), morphometric and diagnostic morphology datasets, and its applicability more widely within the genus considered in light of our results. While the rbcL sequences supported our intuitive feeling that there is great variability within this taxon, there was no practical way to subdivide B. pseudogelatinosum. We recommend the acceptance of a broadly circumscribed paraphyletic species (paraspecies), B. pseudogelatinosum, which includes both dioecious and monoecious populations. The value of monoecy/dioecy as a character must be determined on a taxon-by-taxon basis—it is no better or worse than any other taxonomic character. Batrachospermum pseudogelatinosum occurs in eastern Australia and Stewart Island in New Zealand, with implications for the circumscription of B. campyloclonum Skuja ex Entwisle & Foard.

scholarly journals Extensive plastome reduction and loss of photosynthesis genes in Diphelypaea coccinea, a holoparasitic plant of the family Orobanchaceae

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugeny V. Gruzdev ◽  
Vitaly V. Kadnikov ◽  
Alexey V. Beletsky ◽  
Andrey V. Mardanov ◽  
Nikolai V. Ravin
Keyword(s):  
Genome Evolution ◽  
Plastid Genome ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Trna Genes ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
The Family ◽  
Plastid Genome Evolution

Background Parasitic plants have the ability to obtain nutrients from their hosts and are less dependent on their own photosynthesis or completely lose this capacity. The reduction in plastid genome size and gene content in parasitic plants predominantly results from loss of photosynthetic genes. Plants from the family Orobanchaceae are used as models for studying plastid genome evolution in the transition from an autotrophic to parasitic lifestyle. Diphelypaea is a poorly studied genus of the Orobanchaceae, comprising two species of non-photosynthetic root holoparasites. In this study, we sequenced the plastid genome of Diphelypaea coccinea and compared it with other Orobanchaceae, to elucidate patterns of plastid genome evolution. In addition, we used plastid genome data to define the phylogenetic position of Diphelypaea spp. Methods The complete nucleotide sequence of the plastid genome of D. coccinea was obtained from total plant DNA, using pyrosequencing technology. Results The D. coccinea plastome is only 66,616 bp in length, and is highly rearranged; however, it retains a quadripartite structure. It contains only four rRNA genes, 25 tRNA genes and 25 protein-coding genes, being one of the most highly reduced plastomes among the parasitic Orobanchaceae. All genes related to photosynthesis, including the ATP synthase genes, had been lost, whereas most housekeeping genes remain intact. The plastome contains two divergent, but probably intact clpP genes. Intron loss had occurred in some protein-coding and tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis yielded a fully resolved tree for the Orobanchaceae, with Diphelypaea being a sister group to Orobanche sect. Orobanche.

scholarly journals The Enigma of Interspecific Plasmodesmata: Insight From Parasitic Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karsten Fischer ◽  
Lena Anna-Maria Lachner ◽  
Stian Olsen ◽  
Maria Mulisch ◽  
Kirsten Krause
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Host System ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Secondary Plasmodesmata ◽  
Insight Into

Parasitic plants live in intimate physical connection with other plants serving as their hosts. These host plants provide the inorganic and organic compounds that the parasites need for their propagation. The uptake of the macromolecular compounds happens through symplasmic connections in the form of plasmodesmata. In contrast to regular plasmodesmata, which connect genetically identical cells of an individual plant, the plasmodesmata that connect the cells of host and parasite join separate individuals belonging to different species and are therefore termed “interspecific”. The existence of such interspecific plasmodesmata was deduced either indirectly using molecular approaches or observed directly by ultrastructural analyses. Most of this evidence concerns shoot parasitic Cuscuta species and root parasitic Orobanchaceae, which can both infect a large range of phylogenetically distant hosts. The existence of an interspecific chimeric symplast is both striking and unique and, with exceptions being observed in closely related grafted plants, exist only in these parasitic relationships. Considering the recent technical advances and upcoming tools for analyzing parasitic plants, interspecific plasmodesmata in parasite/host connections are a promising system for studying secondary plasmodesmata. For open questions like how their formation is induced, how their positioning is controlled and if they are initiated by one or both bordering cells simultaneously, the parasite/host interface with two adjacent distinguishable genetic systems provides valuable advantages. We summarize here what is known about interspecific plasmodesmata between parasitic plants and their hosts and discuss the potential of the intriguing parasite/host system for deepening our insight into plasmodesmatal structure, function, and development.

Studies on a nudibranch that contains zooxanthellae. I. Photosynthesis, respiration and the translocation of newly fixed carbon by zooxanthellae in Pteraeolidia ianthina

1986 ◽  
Vol 228 (1253) ◽  
pp. 493-509 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Compensation Irradiance ◽  
Light Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Light Utilization ◽  
Exponential Decrease

Zooxanthellae of the genus Symbiodinium are present in the tissues of the aeolid nudibranch Pteraeolidia ianthina . Individuals with widely differing densities of zooxanthellae are found living off the mid-central coast of eastern Australia. Nudibranchs with low densities of zooxanthellae (0.02-0.5 x 10 6 cells mg -1 protein) are common in winter populations, whereas those with comparatively higher densities (1–3 x 10 6 cells mg -1 protein) are the most common form at other times of the year. Zooxanthellae at all densities in the host exhibit the capacity for photosynthesis, and they grow while resident in the host. The mitotic indices of the zooxanthellae were found to vary as a function of the population density of the algae in the host and were highest in those animals with the lowest densities of zooxanthellae. Oxygen flux was measured as a function of irradiance. Maximum photosynthetic capacity ( P max ), light utilization efficiency ( α ) and compensation irradiance ( I c ) varied between animals, although most of the variation was attributable to differences in the density of zooxanthellae between animals. P max and α were positively correlated with density ( r 2 = 0.82 and 0.88 respectively); I c exhibited an exponential decrease with the density of zooxanthellae in the host ( r 2 > 0.81). I c for animals with 1–2 x 10 6 cells mg-1 protein had values of I c between 30 and 50 μE m -2 s -1 (1 μE = 6 x 10 17 photons), similar to values of I c measured for shade-adapted corals in other studies. Between 25 and 50% of the total photosynthetic products synthesized over 1 h were shown to move from the alga to the animal in that hour. The total respiratory rate of the association was positively correlated with the density of zooxanthellae ( r 2 = 0.94). This relation was used to estimate the respiratory rate of a zooxanthella in vivo . Estimates were, however, unreasonably high; this result suggests that zooxanthellae may directly influence the respiratory rate of the host, possibly by increasing the supply of respiratory substrates.

Carbon Acquisition and Metabolism in a Root Hemiparasitic Angiosperm, Thesium humile (Santalaceae) Growing on Wheat (Triticum vulgare)

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Fer ◽  
P Simier ◽  
MC Arnaud ◽  
L Rey ◽  
S Renaudin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Root Hemiparasite ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Mediterranean Countries

Thesium humile Vahl (Santalaceae) is a root-hemiparasite which causes economic losses in cereal crops in the Mediterranean countries. O2 exchange measurements showed that photosynthesis does occur in Thesium. Experiments using 14CO2 gave additional evidence of the photosynthetic capacity of T. humile at both preparasitic and parasitic stages; roots of T. humile, unlike those of non-parasitic plants, exhibited a low sink strength for photosynthates. The end product of photosynthesis in T. humile is mannitol which is also the main carbohydrate translocated in the phloem. Nevertheless, feeding host leaf with [3H]glucose clearly demonstrated that the parasite, in spite of its photosynthetic capacity, remained dependent upon its host for an additional supply of reduced carbon. Moreover, in isolated T. humile shoots supplied with [14C]sucrose via the transpiration stream, the absorbed sucrose was rapidly converted into mannitol. Thus the parasite would be able to convert sucrose derived from the host plant into mannitol. The present work gives clear evidence that mannitol can be regarded as the major soluble carbohydrate in the carbon metabolism and in the translocation of reduced carbon in T. humile. The mannitol synthesis pathway might be a metabolic target for the chemical control of this parasite in cereals, in which this polyol has never been detected.

Bioinformatic Analysis of rbcL Gene in Lilium

2013 ◽  
Vol 395-396 ◽  
pp. 691-696
Author(s):  
Yong Xiong ◽  
Chun Yan Zhao ◽  
Cui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Protein Secondary Structure ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Beta Sheets ◽  
Rbcl Gene ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Rbcl Sequences ◽  
Hybrid Group

Used sequence diversity of chloroplast rbcL gene sequence to analyzeLiliumphylogeny, structured model of the rbcL protein secondary structure and tertiary structure formLilium superbum. There were 26 variable sites and 12 parsimony-informative sites by analyzing 1378bp rbcL sequences of 17Liliumspecies. The main nucleotide variable type was base transversion. The main variable region form 560bp to 852bp and form1200bp to1371bp. Structured phylogeny tree with N-J method, four types of the 17Liliumspecies were clustered, respectively Asian hybrid group, American hybrid group (two branches), and longiflorum hybrids group. Longiflorum hybrid system (nineLilium species ) was divided into four sub-categories. Structured protein secondary structure of rbcL protein ofLilium superbum, there were 18 alpha helixes, 17 beta sheets and some turn angles. The hydrophobic analysis was hydrophilic protein. 3D model was structured by homology comparative SWISS-Model online. The scores of most amino acid residues in the 3D conformation of the rbcL protein were positive and within are asonable range.

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