THE EFFECTS OF THE E ALLELES UPON MELANOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION IN THE FOWL

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Brumbaugh ◽  
J. W. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Male Breast ◽  
Skin Tissue ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Female Breast ◽  
Intermediate Time ◽  
Embryonic Skin ◽  
Morphogenetic Factors

The time of melanocyte differentiation in embryos and regenerating adult feathers was determined for three alleles at the E pigment locus in the fowl. Melanocytes were identified in dissociated embryonic skin tissue using the dopa reaction. In both embryos and female breast feathers, extended black (E) melanocytes differentiated early and produced eumelanin, while recessive wheaten (ey) melanocytes differentiated significantly later and synthesized pale phaeomelanin. Wild type (e+) melanocytes produced a more intense phaeomelanin and differentiated at an intermediate time. However, melanocytes in the male breast feathers of each genotype differentiated early and produced eumelanin. This suggests that the temporal variation in melanocyte differentiation is related directly to the type of melanin synthesized and only indirectly to genotype. It is suggested that the E allele present interacts with the morphogenetic factors of the growing feather to determine the type of melanin that will be synthesized. The time of observed melanin deposition then becomes a secondary effect of this 'decision', eumelanin being deposited early and phaeomelanins significantly later.

scholarly journals Imaging Evaluation of Male Breast Masses with Histopathologic Correlation: A Case Series

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanvi P. Vaidya ◽  
Subhash K. Ramani
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Male Breast ◽  
Radiological Evaluation ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Evaluation ◽  
Breast Masses ◽  
Female Breast

AbstractThe male breast can be afflicted with a wide spectrum of benign and malignant masses, similar to the female breast. A systematic radiological evaluation using mammography, ultrasonography, and when appropriate, magnetic resonance imaging, could aid this differentiation and provide clues to the diagnosis. In this article, we present six cases of male breast masses with an emphasis on the role of imaging in characterization and diagnosis.

Male Versus Female Breast Cancers

2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Muir ◽  
R. Kanthan ◽  
S. C. Kanthan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Male Breast Cancer ◽  
Male Breast ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Receptor Status ◽  
Female Breast ◽  
Grade 3

Abstract Context.—The rate of male breast cancer is a small fraction of that observed in females, thus severely limiting our understanding of the pathogenesis of this condition. It remains unclear whether the biological behavior and tumor progression associated with male breast cancer parallel that of the female form. Objectives.—To evaluate the immunohistochemical profile of male breast carcinomas and to compare this profile with that of stage-matched female breast cancers. Design.—Seventy-five cases of primary male breast cancer were identified using the records of the Saskatchewan Cancer Foundation over a period of 26 years (1970–1996). Fifty-nine of these cases had formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks available for the purposes of this study. All cases were reviewed and a standardized modified Bloom-Richardson grading criterion was applied. Estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, c-Erb-B2 expression, p53 expression, and Bcl-2 expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results from 240 consecutive cases of stage-matched female breast cancers analyzed in the same laboratory were used as a standard set for comparison. Results.—Male breast cancers tended to be high grade (85% grade 3) in comparison with the female breast cancers (50% grade 3). In descriptive analysis across all stages of disease, male carcinomas were more frequently estrogen receptor positive (81% vs 69%) than their female counterparts. Despite their high grade, they were less likely to overexpress p53 (9% vs 28%) and Erb-B2 (5% vs 17%) than the female counterparts. There was no significant difference in either progesterone receptor (63% vs 56%) or Bcl-2 (79% vs 76%) overexpression. Stratified analysis by stage-matched controls showed no statistically significant differences among the men and women with stage I disease. However, in stage II–matched samples, statistically significant differences were observed between the 2 groups. The male cancers were more likely to overexpress estrogen receptor (81.6% vs 64.4%, P = .04), progesterone receptor (71.1% vs 47.5%, P = .01), and Bcl-2 (78.9% vs 69.4%, P = .20). They also showed statistically significant lower expression of p53 (7.9% vs 36.3%, P = .001) and Erb-B2 (5.3% vs 23.8% P = .01). Conclusion.—Male breast cancers display distinct immunophenotypic differences from those occurring in women, implying a different pathogenesis in the evolution and progression of this disease. Such differences may play key roles in therapeutic management, warranting different treatment strategies in comparison to female breast cancers.

scholarly journals Granulomatous Mastitis: A Rare Cause of Male Breast Lump

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 516-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel Rahman A. Al Manasra ◽  
Mohammad F. Al-Hurani
Keyword(s):  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Nipple Discharge ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Male Breast ◽  
Granulomatous Mastitis ◽  
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis ◽  
Radiologic Findings ◽  
Female Breast ◽  
The Right ◽  
Histopathologic Findings

Background: Mastitis is a common benign disorder of the female breast. It is frequently associated with tenderness, swelling and nipple discharge. We are describing an extremely rare case of an idiopathic granulomatous mastitis in the male breast. Only 1 previous case was reported. Case Report: A 29-year-old male patient presented with a hard, painless lump in the right breast of 2 weeks duration. The patient underwent surgical excision with margin. The histopathologic findings were consistent with granulomatous mastitis. The case was reported as idiopathic granulomatous mastitis after exclusion of all known causes of the disease. Conclusion: Granulomatous mastitis is rare in females and extremely rare in male breast tissue. Since this disease mimics breast cancer in its clinical picture and radiologic findings are usually not conclusive, surgical excision is recommended in all cases.

scholarly journals Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Female and Male Breast Cancer among Adults of South India

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Anwitha Johns ◽  
Satish Kumar B P ◽  
Lavanya P R
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Male Breast Cancer ◽  
Female Breast Cancer ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Male Breast ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Nominal Data ◽  
Female Breast ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Background & Objectives: Breast cancer is the second leading reason for cancer death in women. Incidence rates of male breast cancer have increased by 0.2- 1% per year. The lack of knowledge and awareness of male breast cancer leads to its detection at a late stage in men. This study is to assess the knowledge and attitude of south Indian adults towards male and female breast cancer. Methods: To assess the knowledge and attitude of adults on breast cancer, a questionnaire regarding basic knowledge and attitudes was formulated using Google forms. Numbers and percentages were formed to review categorical and nominal data. Chi-square (χ2) test was used for the comparison between the awareness of female breast cancer and male breast cancer. P < 0.05 was set as the level of significance.

Is Male Breast Cancer Similar or Different than Female Breast Cancer?

2004 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Anderson ◽  
Michelle D. Althuis ◽  
Louise A. Brinton ◽  
Susan S. Devesa
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Male Breast Cancer ◽  
Female Breast Cancer ◽  
Male Breast ◽  
Female Breast

A comparative analysis of angiogenesis between male and female breast cancers

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 21101-21101
Author(s):  
R. Bakkar ◽  
Z. Nahleh ◽  
H. Bui ◽  
S. Samaan ◽  
J. Sanders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Median Survival ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Female Breast Cancer ◽  
Male Breast ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Female Breast ◽  
Male Patients

21101 Background: Tumor angiogenesis and vascularization are essential for the growth and metastasis of tumors. VEGF-C expression and peritumoral lymphocyte density (PLD) are markers of angiogenesis. They have been correlated with poor prognosis in female breast cancer (FBC). The purpose of this study is to characterize VEGF-C expression and PLD in MBC and correlate with FBC specimens. Method: We reviewed records of patients diagnosed with MBC and FBC at the Cincinnati VAMC, from 1989 to 2006. Pathology slides were retrieved. We used VEGF-C (Host Rabbit, PAD: Z-CVC7) . Imunohistochemical stains of VEGF-C were given scores of 0 to 3+ based on nuclear stains. PLD was analyzed based on the number of lymphocyte cells surrounding the tumor; score of 0 to 3+. Slides were reviewed independently by two pathologists. Results: We found nine MBC cases and selected 9 FBC cases. Mean age was 72 in the male patients and 62 in the females. Stages of disease were distributed as follows in MBC versus FBC, 11% versus 22% stage 0, 23% versus 23% stage I, 44% versus 44% stage II, and 22% versus 11% stage IV. Ductal carcinoma was the predominant histology in 88% of FBC and 88% MBC. Other histological types included papillary (1 MBC) and lobular (1 FBC). Among the invasive MBC tumors , 75 % were ER+/PR +, 13% ER+/PR-, and 12% ER -/PR- , compared to 72 % ER+/PR+, 14% ER+/PR-, and 14% ER-/PR- in FBC. Eight out of the 9 MBC cases (89%) stained positive for VEGF-C expression, compared to one FBC case (11%). The 1 male breast intraductal carcinoma was positive for VEGF-C expression, compared to none of the two intraductal FBC. PLD was more intense in male than female tumors : score 0 or 1+: 44% in MBC versus 67% in FBC , score 2+: 22% in MBC Versus 22% in FBC, and score 3+: 22% in MBC versus 11% in FBC. VEGF-C expression did not seem to correlate with ER/PR status. The median survival for patients with MBC was 4.5 years and for patients with FBC 6.9 years. Conclusion: VEGF-C expression and PLD were more pronounced in MBC versus FBC. This finding may correlate with more aggressive behavior of breast tumor cells in male patients, more intense angiogenic reaction and lower median survival. Further studies are warranted to further elucidate the role of angiogenesis in male breast cancer and explore potential antiangiogenic therapeutic modalities. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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