THE 4C NUCLEAR DNA CONTENT OF SEVERAL HORDEUM GENOTYPES

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Bennett ◽  
J. B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
Hordeum Species ◽  
Nuclear Dna Contents ◽  
Physiological Characters

The 4C nuclear DNA content was estimated for 17 wild Hordeum species and five cultivated Hordeum vulgare varieties which were chosen to include examples varying greatly in geographical origin and in morphological and physiological characters. Nuclear DNA was measured on an integrating microdensitometer using prophase nuclei in Feulgen stained root-tip squashes. There were no significant differences in DNA content between any or the 15 diploid genotypes measured, and the seven polyploid genotypes all had nuclear DNA contents which were simple multiples of the diploid genotypes. This result, namely that the DNA content of diploid Hordeum species is invariable, differs from results obtained from diploid species in several other plant genera which differed greatly in nuclear DNA content.

Nuclear DNA content of three Eucalyptus species estimated by flow and image cytometry

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milene Miranda Praça ◽  
Carlos Roberto Carvalho ◽  
Carolina Ribeiro Diniz Boaventura Novaes
Keyword(s):  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Image Cytometry ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
Nuclear Dna Contents

Previous flow cytometry (FCM) analyses delivered nearly equal mean values of nuclear 2C DNA content for Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden and E. urophylla S. T. Blake (1.33 pg and 1.34 pg, respectively), whereas E. globulus Labill. presented distinct mean values (1.09, 1.13 and 1.40). These differences have been attributed to the different methodological approach, utilised plant cultivar and presence of intrinsic metabolic compounds that affect fluorochrome fluorescence. In the present study, a FCM and image cytometry (ICM) design, following international consensus criteria, were adopted to reassess the nuclear DNA contents of the above-mentioned Eucalyptus species. Statistical analyses revealed either similar or discrepant nuclear DNA contents, depending on the standard species used and whether FCM or ICM was employed. Our results demonstrated that 2C DNA values obtained by FCM and ICM were most uniform when Solanum lycopersicum was used as a standard. Moreover, the values obtained for E. grandis and E. urophylla were close, but differed as much as 24.63% in relation to previous data, and E. globulus proportionally varied up to 25%. New DNA content values are suggested for these eucalypt species.

scholarly journals Genome Sizes in Hepatica Mill: (Ranunculaceae) Show a Loss of DNA, Not a Gain, in Polyploids

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. M. Zonneveld
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
Asiatic Species ◽  
Nuclear Dna Contents ◽  
Allotetraploid Species

Genome size (C-value) was applied anew to investigate the relationships within the genus Hepatica (Ranunculaceae). More than 50 samples representing all species (except H. falconeri), from wild and cultivated material, were investigated. Species of Hepatica turn out to be diploid (), tetraploid ( ), and a possible pentaploid. The somatic nuclear DNA contents (2C-value), as measured by flow cytometry with propidium iodide, were shown to range from 33 to 80 pg. The Asiatic and American species, often considered subspecies of H. nobilis, could be clearly distinguished from European H. nobilis. DNA content confirmed the close relationships in the Asiatic species, and these are here considered as subspecies of H. asiatica. Parents for the allotetraploid species could be suggested based on their nuclear DNA content. Contrary to the increase in genome size suggested earlier for Hepatica, a significant (6%–14%) loss of nuclear DNA in the natural allopolyploids was found.

scholarly journals Nuclear DNA endoreplication and plastid index in mesophyll of some dicotyledonous species

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Damsz ◽  
Piotr Łuchniak
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Chloroplast Number ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
R Value ◽  
Dna Endoreplication ◽  
Nuclear Dna Contents

Cytophotometric studies of nuclear DNA content after Feulgen procedure indicate that in mesophyll of all the seven studied species the highest nuclear DNA endoreplication level occurs in II or III leaf and it varies for particular species. No differences were found in nuclear DNA endoreplication dynamics between the basal and apical parts of the leaf blade. Chloroplast number per cell generally decreases in the successive leaves, and the plastid index is the smallest in the first (oldest) leaves, being similar in both zones. In four species chloroplast number and plastid index show relatively low negative correlation with nuclear DNA contents (expressed as endoreplication index), in two species this correlation is positive, and one species displays very low r value.

Nuclear DNA content of benomyl-induced segregants of diploid strains of the phytopathogenic fungus Armillaria mellea

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Anderson ◽  
D. M. Petsche ◽  
A. L. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Marker Locus ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Auxotrophic Marker ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
Marker Loci ◽  
Nuclear Dna Contents

The relative nuclear DNA contents of haploid, diploid, and benomyl-induced segregants of diploid strains of the phytopathogenic fungus Armillaria mellea were measured by mithramycin staining and fluorescence photometry. The diploid strains, originally recovered from sexually compatible matings of haploid strains, were heterozygous at mating-type and auxotrophic marker loci. The somatic segregants examined here were derived by treatment of the diploid strains with the fungicide benomyl in previous studies. As expected, the diploid strains had approximately twice as much nuclear DNA as the haploid strains. Most segregants had near-haploid DNA contents and no detectable heterozygosity at the marker loci; these strains were most likely true haploids. Other segregants with near-haploid DNA contents were heterozygous at a marker locus indicating that they were aneuploid. A minority of segregants had near-diploid DNA contents and may have been either aneuploid or diploid.Key words: basidiomycetes, mithramycin, parasexuality.

scholarly journals Nuclear DNA Contents of Phalaenopsis sp. and Doritis pulcherrima

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy Lin ◽  
Hsiao-Ching Lee ◽  
Wen-Huei Chen ◽  
Chi-Chang Chen ◽  
Yen-Yu Kao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
Nuclear Dna Contents ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Dna Amounts

Nuclear DNA contents were estimated by flow cytometry in 18 Phalaenopsis Blume species and Doritis pulcherrima Lindl. DNA amounts differed 6.07-fold, from 2.74 pg/diploid nuclear DNA content (2C) in P. sanderiana Rchb.f. to 16.61 pg/2C in P. parishii Rchb.f. Nuclear DNA contents of P. aphrodite Rchb.f. clones, W01-38 (2n = 2x = 38), W01-41 (2n = 3x = 57), and W01-22 (2n = 4x = 76), displayed a linear relationship with their chromosome numbers, indicating the accuracy of flow cytometry. Our results also suggest that the 2C-values of the Phalaenopsis sp. correlate with their chromosome sizes. The comparative analyses of DNA contents may provide information to molecular geneticists and systematists for genome analysis in Phalaenopsis. Endoreduplication was found in various tissues of P. equestris at different levels. The highest degree of endoreduplication in P. equestris was detected in leaves.

A correlation of nuclear DNA content and thin-layer chromatographic patterns in resolving genome relationships in Avena

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1529-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Iiyama ◽  
William F. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Chromosomal Polymorphism ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Nuclear Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Relative amounts of nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from telophase root tip nuclei and thin-layer chromatographic patterns of alcohol-soluble compounds from dry leaves were determined for seven diploids: Avena clauda, A. pilosa, A. ventricosa, A. strigosa, A. hirtula, A. wiestii, A. longiglumis; four tetraploids: A. barbata, A. magna, A. abyssinica, A. vaviloviana; and four hexaploids: A. sterilis, A. fatua, A. byzantina, and A. sativa, in order to elucidate species relationships. Variation in nuclear DNA content was correlated with differences in genomic constitution; a few exceptions are considered to reflect chromosomal polymorphism. The average DNA value of the hexaploid species approximated the sum of the DNA value for A. magna and the theoretical value of the B genome. Chromatographic patterns showed distinct variations between species but little correlation between number of compounds and DNA content. Chromatographic patterns of hexaploids showed close similarity with those of diploids and tetraploids, except species with modified C genomes (A. clauda, A. pilosa, A. ventricosa) and A. longiglumis. It is considered that A. clauda, A. pilosa, A. ventricosa, and A. longiglumis did not participate in the evolution of polyploid taxa. From their chromatographic profiles, A. wiestii, A. abyssinica, A. vaviloviana, and A. byzantina are very closely related. Both A. magna and the AABB tetraploid species appear to share two genomes in common with the hexaploids. Hence, the genomic constitutions AADD and AABBDD have been proposed for A. magna and the hexaploids, respectively. Six compounds from ethanol leaf extracts of A. sativa were identified as three apigenins, luteolin, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid.

Genome size and genome evolution in diploid Triticeae species

Genome ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1029-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Eilam ◽  
Y. Anikster ◽  
E. Millet ◽  
J. Manisterski ◽  
O. Sagi-Assif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Dna Amount ◽  
Nuclear Dna Amount ◽  
Speciation Event ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity

One of the intriguing issues concerning the dynamics of plant genomes is the occurrence of intraspecific variation in nuclear DNA amount. The aim of this work was to assess the ranges of intraspecific, interspecific, and intergeneric variation in nuclear DNA content of diploid species of the tribe Triticeae (Poaceae) and to examine the relation between life form or habitat and genome size. Altogether, 438 plants representing 272 lines that belong to 22 species were analyzed. Nuclear DNA content was estimated by flow cytometry. Very small intraspecific variation in DNA amount was found between lines of Triticeae diploid species collected from different habitats or between different morphs. In contrast to the constancy in nuclear DNA amount at the intraspecific level, there are significant differences in genome size between the various diploid species. Within the genus Aegilops , the 1C DNA amount ranged from 4.84 pg in A. caudata to 7.52 pg in A. sharonensis; among genera, the 1C DNA amount ranged from 4.18 pg in Heteranthelium piliferum to 9.45 pg in Secale montanum . No evidence was found for a smaller genome size in annual, self-pollinating species relative to perennial, cross-pollinating ones. Diploids that grow in the southern part of the group’s distribution have larger genomes than those growing in other parts of the distribution. The contrast between the low variation at the intraspecific level and the high variation at the interspecific one suggests that changes in genome size originated in close temporal proximity to the speciation event, i.e., before, during, or immediately after it. The possible effects of sudden changes in genome size on speciation processes are discussed.

scholarly journals Determining Ploidy Level and Nuclear DNA Content in Rubus by Flow Cytometry

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rengong Meng ◽  
Chad Finn
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Dna Flow Cytometry ◽  
Ploidy Levels

Nuclear DNA flow cytometry was used to differentiate ploidy level and determine nuclear DNA content in Rubus. Nuclei suspensions were prepared from leaf discs of young leaves following published protocols with modifications. DNA was stained with propidium iodide. Measurement of fluorescence of 40 genotypes, whose published ploidy ranged from diploid to dodecaploid, indicated that fluorescence increased with an increase in chromosome number. Ploidy level accounted for 99% of the variation in fluorescence intensity (r2 = 0.99) and variation among ploidy levels was much higher than within ploidy levels. This protocol was used successfully for genotypes representing eight different Rubus subgenera. Rubus ursinus Cham. and Schldl., a native blackberry species in the Pacific Northwest, which has been reported to have 6x, 8x, 9x, 10x, 11x, and 12x forms, was extensively tested. Genotypes of R. ursinus were predominantly 12x, but 6x, 7x, 8x, 9x, 11x, and 13x forms were found as well. Attempts to confirm the 13x estimates with manual counts were unsuccessful. Ploidy level of 103 genotypes in the USDA-ARS breeding program was determined by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry confirmed that genotypes from crosses among 7x and 4x parents had chromosome numbers that must be the result of nonreduced gametes. This technique was effective in differentiating chromosome numbers differing by 1x, but was not able to differentiate aneuploids. Nuclear DNA contents of 21 diploid Rubus species from five subgenera were determined by flow cytometry. Idaeobatus, Chamaebatus, and Anaplobatus were significantly lower in DNA content than those of Rubus and Cylactis. In the Rubus subgenus, R. hispidus and R. canadensis had the lowest DNA content and R. sanctus had the highest DNA content, 0.59 and 0.75 pg, respectively. Idaeobatus had greater variation in DNA content among diploid species than the Rubus subgenus, with the highest being from R. ellipticus (0.69 pg) and lowest from R. illecebrosus (0.47 pg).

scholarly journals Nuclear DNA Content, Base Composition, and Cytogenetic Characterization of Christia obcordata

2013 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidou F. Sakhanokho ◽  
Nurul Islam-Faridi
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Ribosomal Rna Gene ◽  
A Genome

Christia obcordata is an intriguing small-sized house plant with unusual and attractive features such as its striped leaves. Because very little is known about the plant, we conducted an investigation of its genome and chromosomes. The number of chromosomes was determined using a protoplast technique to prepare root tip chromosome spread and was found to be 2n = 2x = 20. Flow cytometry was used to determine nuclear DNA content (1C = 0.65 pg = 634.4 Mb) for C. obcordata and AT/GC composition was shown to be AT% = 62.8% ± 0.0% and GC% = 37.2% ± 0.0%. Finally, fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to locate ribosomal RNA gene families in C. obcordata. Ribosomal RNA gene families, viz. 18S-28S and 5S rDNA, are unique cytomolecular landmarks that provide valuable information about the evolutionary organization of a genome. We have identified one locus each of 18S-28S and 5S rDNA. The 18S-28S rDNA is located in the subterminal position on the secondary constriction region [also known as the nucleolus organizer region (NOR)] and the 5S rDNA is located interstitially close to a centromeric position. The basic information gathered in this study on C. obcordata will be helpful in understanding the genetics of this species.

The duration of meiosis

1971 ◽  
Vol 178 (1052) ◽  
pp. 277-299 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Informational Content ◽  
Diploid Plant ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dna Contents

A survey of work on meiotic duration in diploid plants shows that the duration is positively correlated with the DNA content per nucleus and with the mitotic cycle time. However, meiotic duration is not solely determined by the DNA content per nucleus but is also affected by chromosomal organization, DNA structure and the developmental pattern of the organism. Thus, in three polyploid plant species meiosis is much shorter and in three animal species it is much longer than would be expected in diploid plant species having corresponding DNA contents. Differences in meiotic duration in plant species are usually the result of proportional differences in all the stages of meiosis. Factors affecting the initiation, control and duration of meiosis are discussed. The consequences of changes in nuclear DNA content on developmental processes and the life cycle in plants are considered. It is suggested that DNA influences development in two ways, first directly through its informational content, and second indirectly by the physical mechanical effects of its mass independent of its informational content.

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