Responses to Different Intermittent Runs at Velocity Associated With

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregoire P. Millet ◽  
Robin Candau ◽  
Philippe Fattori ◽  
Frank Bignet ◽  
Alain Varray
Keyword(s):  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Interval Duration ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
The Difference

The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the time sustained above 90% of [Formula: see text] in different intermittent running sessions having the same overall time run at the velocity ([Formula: see text]) associated with [Formula: see text] and (2) to test whether the use of a fixed-fraction (50%) of the time to exhaustion at [Formula: see text] (Tlim) leads to longer time spent at a high percentage of [Formula: see text]. Subjects were 8 triathletes who, after determination of their track [Formula: see text] and Tlim, performed three intermittent running sessions alternating the velocity between 100% and 50% of [Formula: see text], termed 30s ∼ 30s, 60s ∼ 30s, and 1/2Tlim ∼ 1/2Tlim, where the overall time at [Formula: see text] was similar (= 3 × Tlim). [Formula: see text] achieved in the incremental test was 71.1 ± 3.9 mlùmin−1•kg−1 and Tlim was 236 ± 49 s. [Formula: see text] and peak heart rate were lower in 30s ∼ 30s than in the other intermittent runs. The time spent above 90% of [Formula: see text] was significantly (p < 0.001) longer either in 60s ∼ 30s (531 ± 187 s) or in 1/2Tlim ∼ 1/2Tlim (487 ± 176 s) than in 30s ∼ 30s (149 ± 33 s). Tlim was negatively correlated with the time (in % of Tlim) spent above 90% of [Formula: see text] in 30s ∼ 30s (r = -0.75, p < 0.05). Tlim was also correlated with the difference of time spent over 90% of [Formula: see text] between 60s ∼ 30s and 30s ∼ 30s (r = 0.77, p < 0.05), or between 1/2Tlim ∼ 1/2Tlim and 30s ∼ 30s (r = 0.97, p < 0.001). The results confirm that [Formula: see text] and Tlim are useful for setting interval-training sessions. However, the use of an individualized fixed-fraction of Tlim did not lead to longer time spent at a high percentage of [Formula: see text] compared to when using a fixed work-interval duration. Key words: interval-training, maximal oxygen consumption, performance, time to exhaustion

Responses to Intermittent Swimming Sets at Velocity Associated With max

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien Libicz ◽  
Belle Roels ◽  
Gregoire P. Millet
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Equal Time ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
The Times

While the physiological adaptations following endurance training are relatively well understood, in swimming there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the metabolic responses to interval training (IT). The hypothesis tested predicted that two different endurance swimming IT sets would induce differences in the total time the subjects swam at a high percentage of maximal oxygen consumption [Formula: see text]. Ten trained triathletes underwent an incremental test to exhaustion in swimming so that the swimming velocity associated with [Formula: see text][Formula: see text] could be determined. This was followed by a maximal 400-m test and two intermittent sets at [Formula: see text] (a) 16 × 50 m with 15-s rest (IT50); (b) 8 × 100 m with 30-s rest (IT100). The times sustained above 95% [Formula: see text] (68.50 ± 62.69 vs. 145.01 ± 165.91 sec) and 95% HRmax (146.67 ± 131.99 vs. 169.78 ± 203.45 sec, p = 0.54) did not differ between IT50 and IT100 (values are mean ± SD). In conclusion, swimming IT sets of equal time duration at [Formula: see text] but of differing work-interval durations led to slightly different [Formula: see text] and HR responses. The time spent above 95% of [Formula: see text]max was twice as long in IT100 as in IT50, and a large variability between mean [Formula: see text] and HR values was also observed. Key words: interval training, maximal oxygen consumption, triathletes

Verification phase as a useful tool in the determination of the maximal oxygen uptake of distance runners

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian W. Midgley ◽  
Lars R. McNaughton ◽  
Sean Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Volitional Exhaustion

This study investigated the utility of a verification phase for increasing confidence that a “true” maximal oxygen uptake had been elicited in 16 male distance runners (mean age (±SD), 38.7  (± 7.5 y)) during an incremental treadmill running test continued to volitional exhaustion. After the incremental test subjects performed a 10 min recovery walk and a verification phase performed to volitional exhaustion at a running speed 0.5 km·h–1 higher than that attained during the last completed stage of the incremental phase. Verification criteria were a verification phase peak oxygen uptake ≤ 2% higher than the incremental phase value and peak heart rate values within 2 beats·min–1 of each other. Of the 32 tests, 26 satisfied the oxygen uptake verification criterion and 23 satisfied the heart rate verification criterion. Peak heart rate was lower (p = 0.001) during the verification phase than during the incremental phase, suggesting that the verification protocol was inadequate in eliciting maximal values in some runners. This was further supported by the fact that 7 tests exhibited peak oxygen uptake values over 100 mL·min–1 (≥ 3%) lower than the peak values attained in the incremental phase. Further research is required to improve the verification procedure before its utility can be confirmed.

XXI. Description of a hydropneumatic baroscope

1839 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 425-431
Keyword(s):  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Floating Body ◽  
Convex Side ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Increased Pressure ◽  
Brass Wire

The principle on which the instrument I am about to describe is constructed, is, that the volume of a given quantity of air under a constant temperature, is inversely as the pressure to which it is subjected ; and the means I employ to estimate the change of volume which that quantity of air undergoes, by being subjected to differences of pressure caused by a change of elevation, are the determination of the difference of weight which a floating body is capable of sustaining in both situations. Thus, if a vessel containing a quantity of air and water be floated in water, and there be a com­munication between the water in the floating body and that in which it floats, it will follow, that when such an apparatus is subjected to diminished pressure, the air within the float will dilate, and cause a volume of water equal in amount to the dilatation of the air to be driven from the float; and the difference of weight which the floating body will sustain, will be the exact weight of the water expelled : if such an appa­ratus is subjected to an increased pressure, the air within it will contract, and consequently a quantity of water, from that in which it floats, will enter the float, and the diminished weight it is capable of sustaining will be the weight of the water which has entered the float, in consequence of the diminution of the volume of the air. It is by such means, with the instrument immediately to be described, and by the help of a very simple calculation, that I propose to determine the difference of level between any two places. Plate X. fig. 1. represents the floating part, made of thin sheet brass, the body of which ( a ), in form the frustum of a cone, is nine inches long, two inches in dia­meter at one end, and one inch at the other, and capable of containing about fourteen cubic inches. In the centre of the widest end, a small stud of brass ( b ) is hard sol­dered, into which a brass wire ( c ) is screwed, an inch and three-eighths long, and about one twenty-fifth or one thirtieth of an inch in diameter : the other end of the wire is screwed into a brass stud in the middle of the convex side of a shallow cup ( d ), made also of brass, and as light as possible, so that it will retain its shape, and be capable of sustaining a weight of about eight hundred or one thousand grains.

PIXE STUDY ON THE GROWTH ENVIRONMENT OF PLANTS

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. HIRAISHI ◽  
K. ISHII ◽  
S. MATSUYAMA ◽  
H. SUGAI ◽  
Y. MIURA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference

Growth environment of plants was investigated by analyzing the elemental concentration in leaves of the plants. Camellia was selected as the sample and the leaves of the camellias were collected from Miyagi and Chiba prefectures. The species of elements and their concentrations in the leaves were measured by the in-air PIXE system at Tohoku University. More than 10 elements were detected from the leaves. The concentrations of Mn , Fe , and Rb in the leaves were strongly affected by the place where the tree grew. On the other hand, the concentration of P, S, K, and Ca were less affected by the place of the tree. The determination of the place of the tree was also performed by evaluating the similarity of the elemental concentration in the leaves quantitatively. The difference due to the place was clearly identified and the sampling place was successfully determined by using the elemental concentrations in the leaves.

scholarly journals URGENSI PENETAPAN KRITERIA FAKIR MISKIN BAGI PENYALURAN ZAKAT DI INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Kuntarno Noor Aflah
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Research ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Literacy Research

Poverty has many definitions, parameters, and standards. From the viewpoint of Islam, many theologians define and measure poverty by various terms and sizes. The difference among theologians’ opinion is caused by poverty terms contained in the Qur’an and Hadits. “Fakir” and “poor” have many meanings. It allows a wide interpretation of the verse and word from theologians. It is also seen from the regulation point in Indonesia, there are many definitions, standards and parameters of poverty. The difference of point of view on determination of poverty criteria and regulations according to Islam in Indonesia shows that the ways of ijtihad by theologians and the government elements is very open. The absence of standard stipulation held, encouraging the writer to conduct a comparative research in this paper; through literacy research. Syafi’i sect does not specify a quantitative standard for poverty. Poverty is only categorized on requirement. As long as people are not able to cover 50% of their basic needs, they are called as fakir. If people are only able to cover close to 70% of their basic needs then they are categorized as poor. Meanwhile, according to Hanafi sect, the qualitative standards turned to the Syafi’i sect. Poor conditions are more severe than the fakir. Besides,the quantitative standard of poverty is one nisab of zakat or the equivalent of 85 grams of gold. On the other hand, BPS and BKKBN formulate the concept and standard of poverty by economic concepts. Poverty is conceptualized as the inability of someone to meet basic consumption needs of the formulation adapted to local conditions respectively.

Differences in V˙O2max Measurements Between Breath-by-Breath and Mixing-Chamber Mode in the COSMED K5

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kay Winkert ◽  
Johannes Kirsten ◽  
Rupert Kamnig ◽  
Jürgen M. Steinacker ◽  
Gunnar Treff
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Mixing Chamber

Purpose: Automated metabolic analyzers are frequently utilized to measure maximal oxygen consumption (). However, in portable devices, the results may be influenced by the analyzer’s technological approach, being either breath-by-breath (BBB) or dynamic micro mixing chamber mode (DMC). The portable metabolic analyzer K5 (COSMED, Rome, Italy) provides both technologies within one device, and the authors aimed to evaluate differences in between modes in endurance athletes. Methods: Sixteen trained male participants performed an incremental test to voluntary exhaustion on a cycle ergometer, while ventilation and gas exchange were measured by 2 structurally identical COSMED K5 metabolic analyzers synchronously, one operating in BBB and the other in DMC mode. Except for the flow signal, which was measured by 1 sensor and transmitted to both devices, the devices operated independently. was defined as the highest 30-second average. Results: and were significantly lower in BBB compared with DMC mode (−4.44% and −2.71%), with effect sizes being large to moderate (ES, Cohen d = 0.82 and 1.87). Small differences were obtained for respiratory frequency (0.94%, ES = 0.36), minute ventilation (0.29%, ES = 0.20), and respiratory exchange ratio (1.74%, ES = 0.57). Conclusion: was substantially lower in BBB than in DMC mode. Considering previous studies that also indicated lower values in BBB at high intensities and a superior validity of the K5 in DMC mode, the authors conclude that the DMC mode should be selected to measure in athletes.

Differential modeling of anaerobic and aerobic metabolism in the 800-m and 1,500-m run

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 478-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Billat ◽  
Laurence Hamard ◽  
Jean Pierre Koralsztein ◽  
R. Hugh Morton
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Minimal Velocity ◽  
The Difference

This study examined the hypothesis that running speed over 800- and 1,500-m races is regulated by the prevailing anaerobic (oxygen independent) store (ANS) at each instant of the race up until the all-out phase of the race over the last several meters. Therefore, we hypothesized that the anaerobic power that allows running above the speed at maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) is regulated by ANS, and as a consequence the time limit at the anaerobic power (tlim PAN = ANS/PAN) is constant until the final sprint. Eight 800-m and seven 1,500-m male runners performed an incremental test to measure V̇o2max and the minimal velocity associated with the attainment of V̇o2max ( vV̇o2max), referred to as maximal aerobic power, and ran the 800-m or 1,500-m race with the intent of achieving the lowest time possible. Anaerobic power (PAN) was measured as the difference between total power and aerobic power, and instantaneous ANS as the difference between end-race and instantaneous accumulated oxygen deficits. In 800 m and 1,500 m, tlim PAN was constant during the first 70% of race time in both races. Furthermore, the 1,500-m performance was significantly correlated with tlim PAN during this period ( r = −0.92, P < 0.01), but the 800-m performance was not ( r = −0.05, P = 0.89), although it was correlated with the end-race oxygen deficit ( r = −0.70, P = 0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that in middle-distance races over both 800 m and 1,500 m, the speed variations during the first 70% of the race time serve to maintain constant the time to exhaustion at the instantaneous anaerobic power. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that at any instant running speed is controlled by the ANS remaining.

A Micromethod for Rapid Quantitative Determination of Phosphonate Phosphorus

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 249-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassilios M. Kapoulas ◽  
Sofia K. Mastronicolis ◽  
Ibrahim C. Nakhel ◽  
Helen J. Stavrakakis
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Rapid Method ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Difference

A rapid method for initial quantitative estimation of the phosphate present in compound containing a carbon-phosphorus bond is described. Two phosphorus assays are employed. One assay is for total phosphorus, which can be determined by digesting with perchloric acid and the other assay is for total non phosphonate phosphorus which can be determined by digesting with sulfuric acid simultaneously. The difference between total phosphorus and the non phosphonate phosphorus determined represents the amount of phosphorus present in a carbon-phosphorus linkage in a crude phospholipids sample

scholarly journals On the flow of viscous fluids through smooth circular pipes

1914 ◽  
Vol 91 (623) ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Viscous Fluids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stream Line ◽  
Circular Section ◽  
Circular Pipes ◽  
Line Flow ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

1.The problem of the flow of a viscous fluid through a tube of circular section is of considerable interest both to physicists and to engineers. Since Stokes showed the connection between the viscosity of the fluid and the empirical formula given by Poiseuille for the rate of slow or stream-line flow of the fluid through a capillary tube, the tube method has been one of the most useful and accurate for the determination of viscosity. On the other hand, the extensive use of pipes for the transmission of gas, compressed air, water and oil, at speeds much above those which obtain in a Poiseuille experiment, rendered it necessary to investigate the laws of "turbulent" flow of viscous fluids through tubes, and there are at the present time several formulae in use by engineers giving the mean rate of flow of such a fluid through a pipe and the difference of pressure between its ends.

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