Rhythm in Life, Rhythm in Language

The present article deals with rhythm which is an essential phenomenon of our life. Being rhythmical means repetition of similar actions in the same period of time. The work gives analyses of the English language in oral connected speech in the relationship with rhythm. English is a rhythmical language. The English connected speech is divided into rhythmical groups and the division is based on alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables where unstressed syllables are attached to the stressed syllable thus forming a rhythmical group. Each rhythmic unit is pronounced in equal time. For the first time similarities are identified between the English rhythmical units and the musical bars in a piece of music.

Equal-time kinetic equations in a rotational field

We investigate quantum kinetic theory for a massive fermion system under a rotational field. From the Dirac equation in curved space we derive the complete set of kinetic equations for the spin components of the covariant and equal-time Wigner functions. While the particles are no longer on a mass shell in general case due to the rotation-spin coupling, there are always only two independent components, which can be taken as the number and spin densities. With the help from the off-shell constraint we obtain the closed transport equations for the two independent components in classical limit and at quantum level. The classical rotation-orbital coupling controls the dynamical evolution of the number density, but the quantum rotation-spin coupling explicitly changes the spin density. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

84. Paying for Parenthood: Misinterpretation of ABIM Leave Policies May Lead to Unnecessary Extension of ID Fellowships

Background Many trainees plan pregnancy during fellowship training. A study of internal medicine program directors (PDs) demonstrated frequent misinterpretation of American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) leave policies when applied to parental leave. The ABIM has since attempted to clarify its leave and deficits in training policies. The primary aim of this study was to investigate how infectious disease (ID) program directors interpret the current ABIM leave policies in crafting parental leave for trainees. Methods We surveyed 155 ID program directors in an online, anonymous questionnaire regarding their knowledge of ABIM leave policies and application toward trainees’ leaves of absence. Results 75/155 (48%) of program directors responded to the survey. Most respondents incorrectly identified the leave limits permitted by ABIM policies, and a majority mistakenly chose to extend training when a clinically competent fellow was within their allowed duration of leave.(Figure 1) Most respondents correctly identified that equal time is permitted for both birth and non-birth parent parental leave, however, reported leave durations did not reflect this equity. PDs reported the majority (60.4%) of ID trainee maternity/birth parent leaves at their programs were ≤7weeks and 4.6% were≤3 weeks, while only 7% were≥12 weeks. In contrast, 50% of paternity/non birth parent leaves were ≤3weeks and none were ≥12 weeks. (Figure 2) PDs utilize various strategies to prevent extending training for fellows taking parental leaves that exceed the limits allowed by ABIM policies, including creating “home electives,” though 34% counsel trainees to take “a shorter maternity leave.” Conclusion Fellowship program directors often misinterpret ABIM leave policies, and misapply them when given example scenarios. These findings have clear implications for trainees’ family planning and may lead to shortened parental leaves and inappropriate fellowship training extensions. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Australia

This chapter examines speeches in the Australian House of Representatives from 1990-2019. Our findings are primarily determined by the nature of Australia’s Westminster-style system, where the government tends to dominate proceedings. We find strong party effects, government versus opposition effects, and strong ministerial effects on the amount and duration of speeches. The descriptive statistics demonstrate that women and less experienced parliamentarians speak less than male and experienced ones. The gender effect also holds when controlling for ministerial selection. The latter is likely to be explained by men being given more important and prestigious ministerial portfolios. We also find that opposition MPs speak more on average than non-ministers on the government side. However, that is mostly a statistical artifact of their necessarily being fewer opposition MPs, but the rules give both sides of the House approximately equal time to speak. While both gender and seniority are predictive of how much people speak, this is mediated by the fact ministers speak more.

Evaluation of Optimal Occasional Tilt on Photovoltaic Power Plant Energy Efficiency and Land Use Requirements, Iran

The paper studies the optimum panel horizontal orientation angle toward the Sun and the optimum time interval of the panel’s movement. The optimum time intervals or panel movement can change the rate of input energy to the panel surface in Iran. For this purpose, a neural network has been trained to estimate the intensity of solar radiation in Iran. After model validation, the intensity of solar radiation has been estimated by selecting adequate geographical regions. Based on the intensity of sunlight, Iran has been divided into ten regions. In these regions, 40 cities have been randomly selected to study the effect of the panel’s angle variations within appropriate time intervals, as well as equal time intervals. The results show that the choice of the mounting system with the possibility of five angles’ implementation can increase the amount of solar energy between 3.9% and 7.4%. Compared to this number of angles at the equal time intervals, the amount of incoming solar energy has increased by 3% to 7%. In the first and second cases, the area of the power plant increases by about 12% to 24% compared to the yearly optimum tilt angle. Moreover, the amount of radiation incoming to the panel with the optimum operating angle is in alignment with the results of PVsyst software.

Child Support in Shared Care Cases: Do Child Support Policies in Thirteen Countries Reflect Family Policy Models?

Increasingly, parents in separated families equally share care of their children post-separation. In this article we extend a well-known family policy model to generate hypotheses about the level of child support to be paid by separated parents when children live primarily with their mother (‘sole custody’) in contrast to when children spend equal time with both parents (‘shared care’). We test these hypotheses with data collected from thirteen countries. In sole custody cases, countries with an earner-carer policy model do have lower child support expectations than countries with a traditional family policy model or a market-oriented model, as predicted. Countries with a traditional family policy model do have the highest orders in the shared case, as predicted. However, there is as much variation within models as there is between, suggesting new analytic frameworks for considering child support in family policy need to be developed.

Replacement of Sedentary Behavior by Various Daily-Life Physical Activities and Structured Exercises: Genetic Risk and Incident Type 2 Diabetes

<b>Objective: </b>To prospectively analyze the association of sedentary behavior time with T2D risk and perform the iso-temporal substitution analyses to estimate the effect of substituting sedentary behaviors by equal time of different types of daily-life physical activities and structured exercise. We also examined modifications by the genetic predisposition to T2D. <p><b>Research Design and Methods: </b>We included 475,502 participants free of T2D in the UK Biobank. Sedentary time was quantified by summing up the time spent on television watching, computer using, and driving.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>During a median follow-up of 11 years, we documented 18,169 incident T2D. Comparing the extreme categories (≥6 vs. <2 hours/day), the hazard ratio (HR) for T2D was 1.58 (95% CI, 1.47-1.71), after adjustment for age, race, sex, lifestyle factors, and other covariates. Replacing 30 minutes of sedentary behavior per day with an equal time of different types of daily-life activities and structured exercise were significantly associated with a 6-31% risk reduction of T2D, with strenuous sports showing the strongest (31%, 95% CI, 24%-37%) benefit. Moreover, we found a significant interaction between sedentary behavior and genetic predisposition on the risk of T2D (p-interaction=0.0008). The association was more profound among participants with a lower genetic risk of T2D.</p> <p><b>Conclusions: </b>Our study indicates that sedentary behavior time is associated with an increased risk of T2D; replacing sedentary behavior with a short-duration (30 minutes/day) daily-life physical activities or structured exercise is related to a significant reduction in T2D risk. Furthermore, such association was stronger among those with a lower genetic risk of T2D.</p>

Replacement of Sedentary Behavior by Various Daily-Life Physical Activities and Structured Exercises: Genetic Risk and Incident Type 2 Diabetes

<b>Objective: </b>To prospectively analyze the association of sedentary behavior time with T2D risk and perform the iso-temporal substitution analyses to estimate the effect of substituting sedentary behaviors by equal time of different types of daily-life physical activities and structured exercise. We also examined modifications by the genetic predisposition to T2D. <p><b>Research Design and Methods: </b>We included 475,502 participants free of T2D in the UK Biobank. Sedentary time was quantified by summing up the time spent on television watching, computer using, and driving.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>During a median follow-up of 11 years, we documented 18,169 incident T2D. Comparing the extreme categories (≥6 vs. <2 hours/day), the hazard ratio (HR) for T2D was 1.58 (95% CI, 1.47-1.71), after adjustment for age, race, sex, lifestyle factors, and other covariates. Replacing 30 minutes of sedentary behavior per day with an equal time of different types of daily-life activities and structured exercise were significantly associated with a 6-31% risk reduction of T2D, with strenuous sports showing the strongest (31%, 95% CI, 24%-37%) benefit. Moreover, we found a significant interaction between sedentary behavior and genetic predisposition on the risk of T2D (p-interaction=0.0008). The association was more profound among participants with a lower genetic risk of T2D.</p> <p><b>Conclusions: </b>Our study indicates that sedentary behavior time is associated with an increased risk of T2D; replacing sedentary behavior with a short-duration (30 minutes/day) daily-life physical activities or structured exercise is related to a significant reduction in T2D risk. Furthermore, such association was stronger among those with a lower genetic risk of T2D.</p>

Time dispersion correction for arbitrarily even-order Lax-Wendroff methods and the application on full waveform inversion

A second-order accurate finite-difference (FD) approximation is commonly used to approximate the second-order time derivative of wave equation. The second-order accurate FD scheme may introduce time dispersion in wavefield extrapolation. Lax-Wendroff methods can suppress such dispersion by replacing the high-order time FD error-terms with space FD error correcting terms. However, the time dispersion cannot be completely eliminated and the computation cost dramatically increases with increasing order of (temporal) accuracy. To mitigate the problem, we extend the existing time dispersion correction scheme for second- or fourth-order Lax-Wendroff method to a scheme for arbitrary even-order methods, which uses the forward and inverse time dispersion transform (FTDT and ITDT) to add and remove the time dispersion from synthetic data. We test the correction scheme using a homogeneous model and the Sigsbee2A model. Modeling examples suggest that the use of derived FTDT and ITDT pairs on high-order Lax-Wendroff methods can effectively remove time dispersion errors from high-frequency waves while using longer time steps than allowed in low-order Lax-Wendroff methods. We investigate the influence of the time dispersion on full waveform inversion (FWI) and show an anti-dispersion workflow. We apply the FTDT to source terms and recorded traces before inversion, resulting in that the source and adjoint wavefields contain equal time dispersion from source-side wave propagation, and the modeled and observed traces accumulate equal time dispersion from source- and receiver-side wave propagation. Inversion results reveal that the anti-dispersion workflow is capable of increasing the accuracy of FWI for arbitrary even-order Lax-Wendroff methods. Additionally, the high-order method can obtain better inversion results compared to the second-order method with the same anti-dispersion workflow.

Antibiotic resistance situation in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a review

Antibiotic resistance is global trouble and in the megacities, it is causing more rapidly due to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. This systematic evaluation used to be carried out to summarize the contemporary day kingdom of affairs of antibiotic resistance in Dhaka, to emerge as aware of gaps in close observation, and to prink tips primarily based on honesty and surely on the findings. Google scholar, PubMed, and Bangladeshi journals online have been searched for the use of applicable key phrases to select articles connected to antibiotic resistance in Dhaka, Bangladesh published between 2004 to 2020. The resistance of a bacterium to a given drug was once added as the median resistance and interquartile fluctuate. Forty-one articles have been blanketed in this systematic review. Antimicrobial susceptibility trying out used to be once as quickly as carried out via disk diffusion approach in 97.56% of studies, at the equal time as the clinical and laboratory standards institute suggestions had been accompanied in 92.68%. Data concerning the susceptibility attempting out method and furnish of sickness (hospital/community) had been absent in 12.19%, 10.52%, and 90.24% of the research, respectively. An excessive prevalence of resistance used to be detected in most examined pathogens, and many of the normal first-line pills have been the most importantly ineffective. Resistance to carbapenems was once low in most cases. An excessive incidence of resistance to most antibiotics used to be detected, alongside necessary gaps in surveillance and facts gaps in the methodological data of the show up to be up.