An assessment of thermal-image acquisition with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for direct counts of coastal marine mammals ashore

We investigated the efficacy of infrared thermal imaging devices for detecting coastal marine mammals in forested coastal environments. Our objective was to determine whether pinnipeds could be detected through the forest canopy using thermal imagery. We used a UAV-mounted and a ground-mounted infrared camera to survey New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) located in Ohau Stream and Point Kean coastal shrub forest on the east coast of New Zealand. These methods were compared to paired photographs and walk-through counts. Ground-mounted thermal images detected more seals than paired photographs during the cooler times of the day (morning and evening). In contrast, aerial thermal videos were successful in detecting fur seals in open areas, but were less successful in areas of high canopy cover (>80%). We discuss the advantages and limitations of thermal imaging for population sampling and provide some recommendations for future research.

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Fish feed on faeces and vomits of New Zealand fur seals: marine mammals bring nutrients from open to inshore waters

Marine Biodiversity Records ◽

10.1017/s1755267210000242 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

João Paulo Krajewski ◽

Ivan Sazima

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Marine Mammals ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Fur Seals ◽

Inshore Waters

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Tourist Disturbance On New Zealand Fur Seals (Arctophalus Forsteri)

Australian Mammalogy ◽

10.1071/am02085 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 85 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

LJ Boren ◽

NJ Gemmell ◽

KJ Barton

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Marine Mammals ◽

Effective Management ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Management Guidelines ◽

Tourist Attractions ◽

Fur Seals ◽

Fur Seal ◽

Current Minimum ◽

The Impact

Marine mammals are significant tourist attractions around New Zealand, however, the impact of eco-tourism on these species is poorly documented. Effective management to mitigate any negative effects requires an understanding of target species? reactions to tourist activities. We have studied the effects of tourist activities on New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) using a novel combination of observations and controlled approaches. Three study areas were selected reflecting a range of visitor density, type of tourism, and the anticipated sensitivity of fur seals to disturbance. Behaviour was observed using instantaneous scan sampling and attributes of tourist approaches were tested experimentally by controlled approaches. Approaches were made on land, by kayak, and motorboat. Fur seal responses and the distance at which the seal responded were recorded. Our results indicate that A. forsteri behaviour was being modified by tourist activities. Habituation was occurring at study areas with high levels of tourist activity. Approachers following current minimum approach distances still caused some animals to modify their behaviour and new minimum approach distances are recommended based on controlled approaches to seals at all study areas. Our work demonstrated that controlled approaches can be a useful tool to develop effective management guidelines to lessen impacts from eco-tourism activities.

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Medical infrared thermal imaging of syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

10.21203/rs.2.20382/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Larkin ◽

Catherine Loughin ◽

Dominic Marino ◽

Curtis Dewey ◽

Scott Umbaugh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Imaging ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Infrared Camera ◽

Heat Emission ◽

Infrared Thermal Imaging ◽

Feature Sets ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Thermographic Image ◽

Localized Disease ◽

Color Map

Abstract Background Medical infrared thermal imaging (MITI) is a non-invasive imaging modality gaining popularity in the veterinary field. An infrared camera captures emission of heat and creates a color map in the form of a thermogram. Topical heat emission is influenced by localized disease processes as a result of autonomic nervous system imbalance. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of using thermography to identify changes in thermographic patterns associated with syringomyelia (SM) presence or absence in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) with Chiari-like Malformation (CLM).Results In CKCS with CLM, MITI was most accurate at a texture distance of 6. Optimizing imaging feature sets produced a highest accuracy of 69.9% (95% CI: 59.5-79.0%), with 81.3% sensitivity and 57.8% specificity for identifying the presence of syringomyelia.Conclusion Thermographic image analysis is a successful non-invasive, diagnostic test that can be used to screen for syringomyelia presence in a CKCS with CLM.

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Thermoregulation and Thermography in Neonatal Physiology and Disease

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800411403467 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 274-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Robin B. Knobel ◽

Bob D. Guenther ◽

Henry E. Rice

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Infrared Camera ◽

Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽

Wound Management ◽

Future Research ◽

Measurement Tool ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Infrared Thermal Imaging ◽

Infrared Cameras ◽

Neonatal Physiology

Introduction: Infrared thermal imaging, or thermography, is a technique used to measure body surface temperature in the study of thermoregulation. Researchers are beginning to use this novel methodology to study cancer, peripheral vascular disease, and wound management. Methods: The authors tested the feasibility of using an FLIR SC640 uncooled, infrared camera to measure body temperature in neonates housed in heated, humid incubators. The authors examined thermograms to analyze distributions between central and peripheral body temperature in extremely low birth weight infants. The authors have also used this technology to examine the relationship between body temperature and development of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. Results: Handheld, uncooled, infrared cameras are easy to use and produce high-quality thermograms that can be visualized in grayscale or color palettes to enhance qualitative and quantitative analyses. Conclusion: Future research will benefit from the use of this noninvasive, inexpensive measurement tool. Nurse researchers can use this methodology in adult and infant populations to study temperature differentials present in pathological conditions.

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Trophic overlap between marine mammals and fisheries in subtropical waters in the western South Atlantic

Marine Ecology Progress Series ◽

10.3354/meps13284 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 639 ◽

pp. 215-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R Machado ◽

LR de Oliveira ◽

PH Ott ◽

M Haimovici ◽

LG Cardoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Marine Mammals ◽

Fishery Management ◽

Bottlenose Dolphins ◽

Trophic Relationships ◽

Commercial Fishing ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Apex Predators ◽

Coastal Marine ◽

Fur Seals ◽

Trophic Overlap

Marine mammals and humans are apex predators and both may compete for fish in ecosystems under continuous fishing pressure. We assessed the degree of trophic overlap between prey species found in the diet of 5 marine mammals (39 specimens of sea lion Otaria flavescens, 61 fur seals Arctocephalus australis, 76 franciscana dolphins Pontoporia blainvillei, 25 bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus and 28 Lahille’s bottlenose dolphins T. gephyreus) and the catches of the 6 main commercial fishing gears used in southern Brazil (coastal gillnets, oceanic gillnets, purse seine, demersal pair trawling, bottom [single] trawl and double-rig trawling) between 1993 and 2016. An adjusted general overlap index indicated an overall moderate to high overlap. Specific overlap analysis showed that O. flavescens and T. truncatus presented high trophic relationships with fisheries, followed by T. gephyreus. Smaller interactions were observed for A. australis and P. blainvillei, even though they also exploit commercial fishing resources. Coastal gillnet and pair bottom trawling are the fisheries that most target the fish species favoured by O. flavescens, T. gephyreus and T. truncatus. The information presented in this study on trophic interactions may assist decision making for both fishery management and conservation measures for these apex predators. Commercial fishing activities are a major threat to marine mammals both regionally and globally. Current levels of fishing or its intensification may lead to dramatic changes in the coastal marine food web, including additional threats to coastal marine mammal populations in southern Brazil.

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Medical infrared thermal imaging of syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

10.21203/rs.2.20382/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Larkin ◽

Catherine Loughin ◽

Dominic Marino ◽

Curtis Dewey ◽

Scott Umbaugh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Imaging ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Infrared Camera ◽

Heat Emission ◽

Infrared Thermal Imaging ◽

Feature Sets ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Thermographic Image ◽

Localized Disease ◽

Color Map

Abstract Background Medical infrared thermal imaging (MITI) is a non-invasive imaging modality gaining popularity in the veterinary field. An infrared camera captures emission of heat and creates a color map in the form of a thermogram. Topical heat emission is influenced by localized disease processes as a result of autonomic nervous system imbalance. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of using thermography to identify changes in thermographic patterns associated with syringomyelia (SM) presence or absence in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) with Chiari-like Malformation (CLM). Results In CKCS with CLM, MITI was most accurate at a texture distance of 6. Optimizing imaging feature sets produced a highest accuracy of 69.9% (95% CI: 59.5-79.0%), with 81.3% sensitivity and 57.8% specificity for identifying the presence of syringomyelia. Conclusion Thermographic image analysis is a successful non-invasive, diagnostic test that can be used to screen for syringomyelia presence in a CKCS with CLM.

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Medical infrared thermal imaging of canine appendicular bone neoplasia

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-019-2180-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

J. Sung ◽

C. Loughin ◽

D. Marino ◽

F. Leyva ◽

C. Dewey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Imaging ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Infrared Camera ◽

Bone Cancer ◽

Infrared Thermal Imaging ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Local Trauma ◽

Noninvasive Imaging Modality ◽

Body Heat

Abstract Background Medical infrared thermal imaging (MITI) is a noninvasive imaging modality used in veterinary medicine as a screening tool for musculoskeletal and neurological disease processes. An infrared camera measures the surface body heat and produces a color map that represents the heat distribution. Local trauma or disease can impair the autonomic nervous system, which leads to changes in the local dermal microcirculation and subsequent alteration of surface body heat. Disruption of autonomic flow to the cutaneous vasculature at deeper levels can also result in asymmetric thermographic results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate surface temperature differences between limbs affected by bone neoplasia and their normal contralateral limbs. Results A statistically significant difference in average temperature was noted between regions of interest of the two groups (paired difference: 0.53 C° ± 0.14; P = 0.0005). In addition, pattern recognition analysis yielded a 75–100% success rate in lesion identification. Conclusions Significant alterations noted with average temperature and thermographic patterns indicate that MITI can document discernible changes associated with the presence of canine appendicular bone tumors. While MITI cannot be used as the sole diagnostic tool for bone cancer, it can be used as a screening modality and may be applicable in early detection of cancer.

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Applicability of management guidelines for surfing resources in California

Shore & Beach ◽

10.34237/1008835 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 53-64

Author(s):

Edward Atkin ◽

Dan Reineman ◽

Jesse Reiblich ◽

David Revell

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

National Level ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

Management Guidelines ◽

For Profit ◽

Aotearoa New Zealand ◽

Coastal Marine ◽

Management Measures ◽

Legal Frameworks

Surf breaks are finite, valuable, and vulnerable natural resources, that not only influence community and cultural identities, but are a source of revenue and provide a range of health benefits. Despite these values, surf breaks largely lack recognition as coastal resources and therefore the associated management measures required to maintain them. Some countries, especially those endowed with high-quality surf breaks and where the sport of surfing is accepted as mainstream, have recognized the value of surfing resources and have specific policies for their conservation. In Aotearoa New Zealand surf breaks are included within national environmental policy. Aotearoa New Zealand has recently produced Management Guidelines for Surfing Resources (MGSR), which were developed in conjunction with universities, regional authorities, not-for-profit entities, and government agencies. The MGSR provide recommendations for both consenting authorities and those wishing to undertake activities in the coastal marine area, as well as tools and techniques to aid in the management of surfing resources. While the MGSR are firmly aligned with Aotearoa New Zealand’s cultural and legal frameworks, much of their content is applicable to surf breaks worldwide. In the United States, there are several national-level and state-level statutes that are generally relevant to various aspects of surfing resources, but there is no law or policy that directly addresses them. This paper describes the MGSR, considers California’s existing governance frameworks, and examines the potential benefits of adapting and expanding the MGSR in this state.

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