THE UTILIZATION OF PURINES, PYRIMIDINES, AND INORGANIC NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS BY EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 668-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Jordan ◽  
C. L. San Clemente
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Growth Initiation

Ammonium chloride was not utilized by three strains of Rhizobium meliloti as the sole source of nitrogen in a sucrose medium, unless either amino or certain non-nitrogenous carboxylic acids were also present. This was also essentially true for the utilization of nitrate, nitrite, purines, and pyrimidines, all of which are potentially able to form ammonia. These results may be interpreted on the assumption that washed cells of alfalfa – sweet clover rhizobia require, for growth initiation in a nitrogen-free medium, either preformed amino acids or compounds such as ammonia and certain carboxylic acids from which amino acids can be synthesized. Since α-ketoglutarate was extremely active in promoting growth in a medium containing ammonium chloride it was implied that the ammonia may be fixed by L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase activity, especially since this particular enzyme was located in these organisms. No aspartase activity could be demonstrated. The ineffective strain differed from the effective strains in that it was unable to use purines or pyrimidines as accessory nitrogen sources in amino acid media. This was a result of strain variation and it was not coupled with the state of ineffectiveness itself. A synthetic medium has been formulated for further growth studies on washed Rhizobium cells and for investigations on auxotrophic mutants of these bacteria.

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON THE GENUS HIRSUTELLA: II. NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Tartrate ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Nutritional Studies

The growth responses of Hirsutella gigantea to different nitrogen sources were studied. Experiments showed that the mycelium hydrolyzate contained at least 14 of the amino acids, that the fungus was unable to utilize inorganic nitrogenous compounds, that ammonium tartrate was inferior to amino-nitrogen, and that the L or DL isomers of the different amino acids induced better growth than did the D form.The 10 most suitable nitrogen sources in order of decreasing growth were: L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine, ammonium tartrate, DL-aspartic acid, L-proline, L-arginine, L-leucine, DL-α-alanine, DL-serine, and DL-histidine. The total yield, however, obtained in a synthetic medium with each of these substances was shown to be directly dependent upon the quantity of inoculum used. The enhanced growth resulting from the addition of increased inoculum is ascribed to accessory growth factors carried over with the mycelial fragments despite six washings in saline.The maximum growth of H. gigantea developed in a dextrose–salts medium containing L-glutamic acid as a source of nitrogen, and yeast extract, inoculum filtrate, and liver fraction "L" as a source of growth factors.The lack of uniformity associated with nutritional studies conducted in chemically defined media has been briefly mentioned.

A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM FOR EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC BACTERIA

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Onishi ◽  
Margaret E. McCance ◽  
N. E. Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Complex Medium ◽  
Halobacterium Halobium ◽  
Halobacterium Salinarium ◽  
Cell Densities

A synthetic medium, made up of 15 amino acids, adenylic and uridylic acid, glycerol, asparagine or ammonium chloride, and various salts, has been developed for halophilic bacteria. Halobacterium cutirubrum and Sarcina litoralis grew as well in this medium as in a complex medium containing casein hydrolysate and yeast extract. Growth of Halobacterium halobium, Halobacterium salinarium, and Sarcina morrhuae was slower in the synthetic medium and the final cell densities were not as great as in the complex medium.

scholarly journals The Relation of the Composition of the Culture Medium to the Formation of Endospores by Aerobic Bacilli

1932 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. A. Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Spore Formation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

1. Spore formation in eight typical members of the genusBacillushas been studied.2. Three of these strains, including one species ofB. anthracis, have been found to be practically asporogenous under the experimental conditions. In general the following statements hold good for the sporogenous races studied.3. Spore formation is almost, or entirely, inhibited by cultivation on media rich in amino acids, such as tryptic digests of casein or meat. Similar inhibition results following cultivation on a medium containing reasonably high concentrations of a mixture of amino acids and asparagine.4. When such media are suitably diluted with standard inorganic salt solutions the percentage of spores formed is greatly increased, and frequently at least 99 per cent. of spores are formed if the dilution is sufficiently high.5. When simple nitrogenous compounds such as amino acids are added to a dilute casein digest medium in which sporulation is almost complete, a definite decrease in the percentage of spores present is observed. Asparagine, which is probably readily assimilated, apparently completely hinders spore formation in most cases. Other amino acids do not exert so pronounced an effect, and ammonium phosphate does not appreciably inhibit the formation of spores.6. The fact that the addition of glycine suppresses growth markedly when it is added to a dilute casein digest medium, but does not appreciably hinder sporulation, suggests that the formation of spores is not due to any toxic effect of added compounds, or compounds already present in the medium.7. Sporulation is almost complete in a “synthetic” medium in which low concentrations of ammonium phosphate and sucrose represent the sources of nitrogen and carbon, respectively. However, frequent transfers in such a medium may inhibit spore formation partially or entirely in certain instances. This effect probably depends upon the enhanced ability of the culture in question to utilise sucrose as a source of carbon when cultivated constantly in its presence.8. It is concluded, from the above data, that endospore formation in aerobic bacilli bears an inverse relationship to the amount of available nutrient material present in the culture medium.I am indebted to Prof. Sir F. G. Hopkins and Miss M. Stephenson for their constant encouragement during the progress of this work. My thanks are due to Mr Pirie of this Department who kindly furnished me with several of the amino acids employed, and to Dr Miles of the Department of Pathology for his kindness in supplying me with certain of the cultures.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF AMINO ACIDS ON THE GROWTH INITIATION OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SYNTHESIS OF ALANINE FROM PYRUVATE AND AMMONIUM IONS

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 911-921
Author(s):  
D. C. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Amino Acid Histidine ◽  
Growth Initiation

Washed cells of Rhizobium meliloti were capable of forming pyruvate from glucose and, in addition, washed cells and sonic extracts possessed a reversible alanine dehydrogenase, capable of forming alanine from pyruvate and NH4+. This synthesis of alanine was optimum at an alkaline pH and at a substrate concentration of 0.025 M and was stimulated by diphosphopyridine nucleotide but not by triphosphopyridine nucleotide. Sonic extracts in the presence of NH4+ also formed glutamate from α-ketoglutarate and aspartate from fumarate. Nevertheless, washed cells did not initiate growth in a 0.25% carbohydrate medium, containing NH4Cl, unless amino acids were present. These requisite acids either could be supplied in the medium, or the cells could be forced to synthesize them by addition to the medium of increased levels of certain compounds, such as 0.9% glucose, from which NH4+-accepting compounds could be produced. If the stimulative effect of amino acids in low-carbohydrate media were a result of an increase in the accumulation of such NH4+-acceptors such an accumulation did not apparently result from increased carbohydrate oxidation or decreased "oxidative" assimilation, since NH4+ and α-dinitrophenol, which do not initiate growth, were more active, respectively, in these two latter aspects than the amino acid (histidine) tested. On the basis of several considerations it is hypothesized that the primary effect of the growth-initiating amino acid may be directed toward the synthesis of a labile protein, intimately connected with growth, which is destroyed in resting cells.

Effects of nitrogenous compounds on sclerotium formation in Aspergillus niger

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1253-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Agnihotri
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Alkaline Side ◽  
Sclerotium Formation ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The effects of different nitrogen sources on growth and sclerotial production by Aspergillus niger were determined on a synthetic agar medium. The organism used inorganic, organic, and ammonium nitrogen for growth and sclerotial production. Among the ammonium compounds tested, the chloride, phosphate, sulfate, and carbonate were used poorly, but the nitrate was well utilized. Addition of organic acids to ammonium compounds increased sclerotial production. Raising the concentration of sodium nitrate to a certain level (0.15%) increased the number of sclerotial initials and the number and weight of those which matured. Sodium nitrite curtailed mycelial growth and prevented production of sclerotia. Utilization of nitrite was accelerated by adjusting the pH on the alkaline side from 7.5 to 9.0. Urea supported poor sclerotial production; thiourea inhibited it. Of the amino acids, histidine yielded the most and arginine the least number of sclerotia. In lysine medium, the white cottony sclerotial initials remained fluffy even after 20 days. Sclerotial production decreased significantly when proline, glutamic acid, or leucine were omitted from the basal medium containing 10 amino acids. In general, no correlation existed between the number of sclerotia formed and the dry weight they attained on different nitrogen sources. With certain nitrogen sources sclerotial initials failed to mature.

ENERGY AND NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS OF MICROCOCCUS ROSEUS

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Eisenberg ◽  
James B. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Excellent Growth ◽  
Micrococcus Roseus ◽  
Do So

A collection of pink-pigmented micrococci has been studied and found to be a relatively homogeneous group that deserve species recognition as Micrococcus roseus. These organisms are salt-tolerant obligate aerobes that usually reduce nitrates and do not hydrolyze gelatin. They can utilize xylose, glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, acetate, pyruvate, lactate, malate, succinate, and gluconate as carbon and energy sources. Most strains also can utilize arabinose, lactose, maltose, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, and propionate. A synthetic basal medium has been devised that will give excellent growth of these organisms with glutamic acid as the sole source of nitrogen, carbon, and energy. Two vitamins, biotin and thiamine, are required by all strains, and are the only vitamins in the synthetic medium that was used to study interrelationships between nitrogen and carbon sources. Ammonia can serve as the sole source of nitrogen when glucose, or certain other substrates, is the sole source of carbon and energy. Not all substrates that can supply energy in a complex medium can do so in the synthetic medium with ammonia as the sole source of nitrogen. Some amino acids in addition to glutamate have a limited ability to serve as a source of both carbon and nitrogen. The ability of individual amino acids to serve as a sole source of nitrogen depends upon the nature of the substrate that is present as a carbon and energy source.

MEDIUM SUPPLEMENTATION WITHL- ANDD-AMINO ACIDS RELATIVE TO GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Strijdom ◽  
O. N. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Maximum Loss ◽  
Serial Cultivation ◽  
Medium Supplementation

Five strains of Rhizobium meliloti serially cultivated on a basal yeast water mannitol mineral salts medium supplemented with increments of nine amino acids, respectively, produced ellipsoidal, bacteroidal, and elongated cell forms. Colonies produced on media containing D-amino acids and glycine were smaller and less opalescent than were those on the basal medium. Growth of two strains on media supplemented with the L-isomers of alanine, histidine, and phenylalanine, respectively, exceeded that in media to which the D-isomers of these amino acids were added. Growth was negative or sparse in the basal medium supplemented with 0.075% L-cysteine. Serial cultivation in media containing increments of D-cysteine, D-alanine, D-phenylalanine, and glycine produced the maximum loss in nitrogen-fixing ability; L-alanine and L-histidine were the least deleterious. Four strains became ineffective after serial cultivation on at least two of the nine amino acid media. The infective and nitrogen-fixing properties of an ineffective strain were unchanged after cultivation in amino acid supplemented media.

Cell division in a species of Erwinia. XI Some aspects of the carbon and nitrogen nutrition of Erwinia species

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1217-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. Grula ◽  
R. W. Smith ◽  
C. F. Parham ◽  
E. A. Grula
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Acid Media

The species of Erwinia used in cell division studies (Grula 1960a) will grow on L- or D-aspartic acid, but no other amino acid, as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Ammonia is utilizable as a sole source of nitrogen; in this case the rate and extent of growth are significantly influenced by the carbon source. Of all compounds tested, malic acid supports the most rapid and abundant growth in an ammonium chloride – mineral salts medium. Added pantothenate often stimulates growth in ammonium chloride media, but not in aspartic acid media. Growth in an ammonium chloride – glucose – salts medium is rather slow and limited. Marked stimulation occurs by supplementation with intermediates of the Krebs cycle, even though the compound supports little or no growth as a sole carbon source. Neither L-glutamic acid nor α-ketoglutaric acid supports growth as a sole carbon source; this is believed to result from impermeability of the cell to these compounds.

scholarly journals Use of factorial experimental design to study the effects of iron and sulfur on growth of Scenedesmus acuminatus with different nitrogen sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Tao ◽  
Robert Bair ◽  
Aino-Maija Lakaniemi ◽  
Eric D. van Hullebusch ◽  
Jukka A. Rintala
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Scenedesmus Acuminatus

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the combined effects of iron and sulfur on microalgal biomass concentration and removal efficiency of nitrogenous compounds using factorial design. Scenedesmus acuminatus (currently accepted name Tetradesmus lagerheimii) was separately cultivated in batch photobioreactors using modified N-8 media with two nitrogen sources, nitrate, and ammonium. To study the interaction effect between iron and sulfur and to reduce the total number of experimentally studied combinations, a factorial design was used. Three iron (0.1, 1, and 1.9 mg L−1) and three sulfur concentrations (3.7, 20, and 35.8 mg L−1) were employed to the modified N-8 media in this study. The results show that the final microalgal biomass concentration and nitrogen removal efficiency were more sensitive to the changes in iron and sulfur concentrations in the media with nitrate than with ammonium possibly because of the different assimilation mechanisms used by microalgae for these two nitrogen sources. The created models demonstrated that iron had a statistically significant effect on the microalgal biomass concentration and nitrate removal efficiency while sulfur did not. In addition, the interaction effect between iron and sulfur was not significant on microalgal biomass concentration and nitrogen removal. In synthetic medium with nitrate as nitrogen source, the highest microalgal biomass concentration was obtained with 1.0 mg L−1 iron and 35.8 mg L−1 sulfur.

scholarly journals Role of Nitrogen and Carbon Transport, Regulation, and Metabolism Genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae Survival In Vivo

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 816-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne M. Kingsbury ◽  
Alan L. Goldstein ◽  
John H. McCusker
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds

ABSTRACT Saccharomyces cerevisiae is both an emerging opportunistic pathogen and a close relative of pathogenic Candida species. To better understand the ecology of fungal infection, we investigated the importance of pathways involved in uptake, metabolism, and biosynthesis of nitrogen and carbon compounds for survival of a clinical S. cerevisiae strain in a murine host. Potential nitrogen sources in vivo include ammonium, urea, and amino acids, while potential carbon sources include glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and fatty acids. Using mutants unable to either transport or utilize these compounds, we demonstrated that no individual nitrogen source was essential, while glucose was the most significant primary carbon source for yeast survival in vivo. Hydrolysis of the storage carbohydrate glycogen made a slight contribution for in vivo survival compared with a substantial requirement for trehalose hydrolysis. The ability to sense and respond to low glucose concentrations was also important for survival. In contrast, there was little or no requirement in vivo in this assay for any of the nitrogen-sensing pathways, nitrogen catabolite repression, the ammonium- or amino acid-sensing pathways, or general control. By using auxotrophic mutants, we found that some nitrogenous compounds (polyamines, methionine, and lysine) can be acquired from the host, while others (threonine, aromatic amino acids, isoleucine, and valine) must be synthesized by the pathogen. Our studies provide insights into the yeast-host environment interaction and identify potential antifungal drug targets.

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