A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM FOR EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC BACTERIA

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Onishi ◽  
Margaret E. McCance ◽  
N. E. Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Complex Medium ◽  
Halobacterium Halobium ◽  
Halobacterium Salinarium ◽  
Cell Densities

A synthetic medium, made up of 15 amino acids, adenylic and uridylic acid, glycerol, asparagine or ammonium chloride, and various salts, has been developed for halophilic bacteria. Halobacterium cutirubrum and Sarcina litoralis grew as well in this medium as in a complex medium containing casein hydrolysate and yeast extract. Growth of Halobacterium halobium, Halobacterium salinarium, and Sarcina morrhuae was slower in the synthetic medium and the final cell densities were not as great as in the complex medium.

Enrichment of bacteriorhodopsin with isotopically labeled amino acids by biosynthetic incorporation in Halobacterium halobium

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1181-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Helgerson ◽  
S. L. Siemsen ◽  
E. A. Dratz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Isotopic Labeling ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Integral Membrane Protein ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Halobacterium Halobium ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Complete Synthetic Medium

The growth of Halobacterium halobium was optimized in a chemically defined synthetic medium. Arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, and valine were found to be essential for growth. Optimal growth rates and cell yields were obtained when the medium was also supplemented with the nonessential amino acids alanine, asparagine, glutamic acid, glycine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, and threonine. The complete synthetic medium supported the same maximum growth rate, cell yield, and production of the integral membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin as was obtained in a complex peptone-based growth medium. Using this defined synthetic medium, isotopically labeled bacteriorhodopsin was produced with several 13C-enriched amino acids. The yield of 13C-labeled bacteriorhodopsin was greater than 35 milligrams of purified protein per litre of cell culture. Key words: bacteriorhodopsin, biosynthetic isotopic labeling, synthetic culture medium, nuclear magnetic resonance.

Regulation by amino acids of α-amylase and endo-β(1→4)-glucanase induction in mycelial culture of the mushroom Termitomyces clypeatus

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 617-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saswati Sengupta ◽  
S. Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Extracellular Enzyme ◽  
Mycelial Culture ◽  
Termitomyces Clypeatus ◽  
Yeast Extract Medium

Termitomyces clypeatus constitutively liberated amyloglucosidase; the liberation was not repressed by glucose. Growth of the mushroom in synthetic medium was slow with starch, and only amyloglucosidase was liberated. Yeast extract stimulated growth and enzyme production in starch medium, and α-amylase along with amyloglucosidase was detected extracellularly. The mushroom could not utilise cellulose or liberate endo-β(1 → 4)-glucanase even when inducer cellobiose or glucose was added to cellulose at different concentrations. Cellobiose alone also failed to induce any extracellular endo-β(1 → 4)-glucanase production. Yeast extract in both cellulose and cellobiose media supported liberation of endo-β(1 → 4)-glucanase. Lactose was found to be a poor inducer even in yeast extract medium. However, both α-amylase and endo-β(1 → 4)-glucanase were detected intracellularly at a basal level even when the enzymes were absent extracellularly under inducing and noninducing conditions. The intracellular enzymes were only freely liberated into the medium in the presence of yeast extract. It appeared that induction of α-amylase and endo-β(1 → 4)-glucanase was largely inhibited by the restricted liberation of the enzymes in absence of yeast extract. Of the yeast extract components, amino acids were the active ingredient mimicking the role of yeast extract in induction. Yeast extract was found to relieve catabolic inhibition observed at the late phase of enzyme production. It is proposed that catabolic inhibition might have a role in the enzyme liberation and that amino acids supported extracellular enzyme production by relieving this inhibition. Key words: mushroom, Termitomyces clypeatus, catabolic inhibition, polysaccharidase induction, amino acid.

THE UTILIZATION OF PURINES, PYRIMIDINES, AND INORGANIC NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS BY EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 668-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Jordan ◽  
C. L. San Clemente
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Growth Initiation

Ammonium chloride was not utilized by three strains of Rhizobium meliloti as the sole source of nitrogen in a sucrose medium, unless either amino or certain non-nitrogenous carboxylic acids were also present. This was also essentially true for the utilization of nitrate, nitrite, purines, and pyrimidines, all of which are potentially able to form ammonia. These results may be interpreted on the assumption that washed cells of alfalfa – sweet clover rhizobia require, for growth initiation in a nitrogen-free medium, either preformed amino acids or compounds such as ammonia and certain carboxylic acids from which amino acids can be synthesized. Since α-ketoglutarate was extremely active in promoting growth in a medium containing ammonium chloride it was implied that the ammonia may be fixed by L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase activity, especially since this particular enzyme was located in these organisms. No aspartase activity could be demonstrated. The ineffective strain differed from the effective strains in that it was unable to use purines or pyrimidines as accessory nitrogen sources in amino acid media. This was a result of strain variation and it was not coupled with the state of ineffectiveness itself. A synthetic medium has been formulated for further growth studies on washed Rhizobium cells and for investigations on auxotrophic mutants of these bacteria.

Effect of magnesium and some nutrients on the growth and nuclease formation of a moderate halophile, Micrococcus varians var. halophilus

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1567-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Kamekura ◽  
Hiroshi Onishi
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Complex Medium ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Moderate Halophile ◽  
Good Production ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Casamino Acids ◽  
Essential Growth ◽  
Essential Growth Factor

Production of halophilic nuclease by a moderate halophile. Micrococcus varians, ATCC 21971, was maximal at 2.5 to 3.5 M NaCl concentration in a complex medium (CM) composed of 1% casamino acids, 1% yeast extract, and NaCl. The addition of 81 mM MgSO4 to CM inhibited nuclease production in spite of good growth. Microscopic observation showed that this inhibition was accompanied by complete clumping of the cells. The Sehgal and Gibbons complex medium (SGC) which contained 0.75% vitamin-free casamino acids, 1% yeast extract, and NaCl, however, supported good production of the nuclease in spite of the presence of 81 mM MgSO4. It seemed that both magnesium sulfate and some substances present in CM might be responsible for this inhibition and clumping.A synthetic medium optimal for enzyme production was developed consisting of 16 amino acids, 4 vitamins, 0.73 mM KH2PO4, 2.7 mM KCl, 20 mM MgSO4, and 2.5 M NaCl. The organism required biotin as an essential growth factor, and thiamine, riboflavin, and choline as stimulating factors. Omission of isoleucine from the medium reduced markedly the growth rate. Glutamic acid, proline, and arginine were consumed completely during cultivation in the synthetic medium.

Nutritional Factors Affecting Growth and Production of Antimicrobial Substances by Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis S1-67/C

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 514-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. REDDY ◽  
B. RANGANATHAN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Streptococcus Lactis

The present study pertains to the effect of nutritional factors on the growth and production of antimicrobial substances (AS) by Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis S1-67/C. Among nine media tested, yeast extract dextrose broth supported good growth and maximum production of AS. Addition of beef extract and yeast extract at 1.0 and 0.6% levels, respectively, increased growth as well as production of AS. Of ten carbohydrates examined, maximum production of AS was achieved with 1% glucose followed by fructose, 4% molasses, lactose, sucrose, galactose, mannitol, maltose and 2% molasses. Xylose inhibited production of AS, although it stimulated growth of the organism. Peptone, tryptone and tryptose (each at the 1.5% level) significantly stimulated production of AS. Other nitrogen sources, including soytone, casein hydrolysate and proteose peptone, retarded production of inhibitory substances. Among the amino acids, L-leucine, DL-methionine and L-glutamic acid were most essential for growth and production of AS, whereas L-lysine, L-proline, DL-serine, DL-asparatic acid, L-arginine-HCl and DL-tryptophan were stimulatory. Other amino acids such as DL-ornithine, L-cysteine-HCl and DL-citrulline slightly stimulated AS production. In the presence of cynocobalmin, niacin, folic acid, calcium pantothenate and riboflavin, S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis S1-67/C produced maximum amounts of inhibitory substances. Omission of individual mineral salts from the basal medium did not affect production of AS by the organism.

Nutritional regulation of synthetic lignin (DHP) degradation by Phlebia (Merulius) tremellosa: effects of nitrogen

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Lignin Biodegradation ◽  
Nutritional Regulation

Supplementary nitrogen added to cultures of Phlebia tremellosa in a nitrogen-limited synthetic medium delayed the appearance of lignin-degrading activity. It also accelerated the consumption of the carbon (energy) source by the cultures, decreasing the amount of cosubstrate available to support lignin biodegradation. Ammonium chloride, glutamate, albumin, and yeast extract all had similar effects, with small differences in the timing and extent of the lignin degradation that they allowed. Key words: lignin biodegradation, cosubstrate, nitrogen, selectivity.

The oxygen uptake of Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma equiperdum, with especial reference to oxygen consumption in the presence of amino-acids

Parasitology ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
June P. Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Trypanosoma Lewisi ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

1. Standard conditions are described for preparing suspensions of washed Trypanosoma lewisi and T. equiperdum in modified Ringer–phosphate solution.2. Oxygen consumption was measured with differential manometers, using microflasks containing 2–5 × 107 trypanosomes in 0·9 ml. of reaction mixture. Measurements of oxygen uptake were carried out at 37° C.3. T. lewisi respired slowly in the absence of substrate for up to 2 hr. The trypanosomes suffered little damage when stored at 5° C. for 24 hr. without substrate. No oxygen uptake was observed with T. equiperdum in the absence of substrate. The trypanosomes were viable after 24 hr. at 5° C. with glucose or glycerol as substrate, but not in the absence of substrate.4. With glucose as substrate, the rate of oxygen consumption by T. lewisi increased with the age of infection. This change was more marked with glutamine as substrate.5. With glucosamine as substrate, the oxygen uptake of T. lewisi was at a slightly lower rate than with glucose. The rate of oxygen uptake was still lower with Na l-glutamic acid, asparagine, aspartic acid, casein hydrolysate, yeast extract and Difco Bacto-peptone. Thirteen other amino-acids had no effect on the motility of the trypanosomes.6. With glycerol as substrate, the oxygen uptake of T. equiperdum was at a slightly lower rate than with glucose. The rate of oxygen uptake was very low with yeast extract, casein hydrolysate and Difco Bacto-peptone. No oxygen uptake or motility was recorded with glutamine, Na l-glutamic acid, glucosamine, asparagine, aspartic acid, dl-alanine, or Na acetate. Thirteen other amino-acids had no effect on the motility of the trypanosomes.7. Ammonia was liberated from glutamine by adult and reproductive phase T. lewisi.

STUDIES WITH BACILLUS POLYMYXA: IV NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS IN RELATION TO 2,3-BUTANEDIOL PRODUCTION FROM STARCH

1946 ◽  
Vol 24c (4) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Katznelson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Bacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Different Strains

Yeast extract, casein hydrolysate, and a mixture of 13 to 20 ammo acids were found to be superior to simpler substances such as ammonium sulphate, urea, potassium nitrate, or asparagine as sources of nitrogen for Bacillus polymyxa in relation to production of 2,3-butanediol from starch The complex sources of nitrogen were more or less interchangeable for most, but not all strains of this organism with regard to effectiveness for diol production, but the addition of yeast extract to either casein hydrolysate or amino acids resulted in a slightly higher yield of diol and an increase in the diol/ethanol ratio from 2 to 2.6 or higher.The requirements of different strains for specific ammo acids varied somewhat, but the need for isoleucine and asparagine was common to the tour strains studied. A fairly good fermentation was obtained with the most efficient of these strains in a medium containing isoleucine, tyrosine, glycine, methionine, and asparagine after three days' incubation. The fermentation went to completion after five days with certain concentrations of these five acids an effect that was achieved in three days by the addition to these of eight other acids but not by the addition of ammonium sulphate. Suppression of diol production by omission of certain of these amino acids was marked at three days but was largely overcome at five. Cystine (in concentrations above: 0.0125%; was inhibitory to the four strains studied and phenylalanine (0.02%) to one, after three but not after five days.

Biosynthesis of arglecin and related compounds

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MacDonald ◽  
G. G. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Proton Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Natural Abundance ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Streptomyces Toxytricini

The requirements for maximum production of arglecin, 3-isobutyl-6-(3-guanidinopropyl)-2(1H)pyrazinone, by Streptomyces toxytricini grown on either yeast extract or synthetic medium, were supplements of L-arginine and L-leucine. The arglecin produced was derived to a major extent from these amino acids, as was shown by comparison of specific activities in 14C-labeling experiments.Various compounds related to arglecin could be synthesized by the organism, and these were isolated and their structures determined primarily by natural-abundance carbon-13 and proton magnetic resonance methods. In old cultures which had produced arglecin, the metabolite 3-isobutyl-6-(3-aminopropyl)-2(1H)pyrazinone was found. In cultures grown on synthetic medium supplemented with L-leucine and L-homoarginine, the metabolite 3-isobutyl-6-(4-guanidinobutyl)-2(1H)pyrazinone was found, and in cultures that had been supplemented with L-norleucine and L-arginine, the metabolite 3-butyl-6-(3-guanidinopropyl)-2(1H)pyrazinone was found.

A CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIUM FOR HALOBACTERIUM SALINARIUM STRAIN 1

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Dundas ◽  
V. R. Srinivasan ◽  
H. Orin Halvorson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Halobacterium Salinarium ◽  
Complex Media ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine

A chemically defined medium has been composed for Halobacterium salinarium strain 1. The medium consists of inorganic salts, 10 amino acids (lysine, arginine, proline, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and glutamine) and cytidylic acid. The amino acids valine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine are found to be essential for growth in this medium. Growth rates in the synthetic medium are not as high as those obtained in complex media. The medium allows growth of several halophilic organisms.

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