Degradation of [14C]photodieldrin by Trichoderma viride as affected by other insecticides

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1345-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. K. Tabet ◽  
E. P. Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Insecticidal Compounds

Various soil fungi were tested for their capacity to degrade the insecticide [14C]photodieldrin. Of nine species investigated, Trichoderma viride was the only one which degraded the insecticide to an appreciable extent into water-soluble, non-insecticidal compounds within 4–5 weeks. These products amounted to 32–41% of the radiocarbon applied to the culture media. The degradation was a function of live mycelia, which metabolized the insecticide and excreted water-soluble compounds into the culture media. Since soils usually contain a mixture of pesticide residues, the effects of several chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides on the capacity of the fungus to degrade [14C]photodieldrin were studied. Thus, in fungal cultures treated with compounds structurally similar to photodieldrin, such as aldrin and dieldrin, only 4–17% of the applied radiocarbon was water-soluble and more photodieldrin remained. In controls, however, 35% of the applied radiocarbon was in the form of water-soluble products and less photodieldrin remained. The degradation of [14C]photodieldrin by T. viride, with time, was associated with a continuous decline of hexane-soluble radiocarbon and a steady increase of water-soluble metabolites, which appeared in the fungal media. The amount of hexane-soluble radiocarbon in mycelia was directly related to the fungal mass.

Metabolism of Dyfonate by soil fungi

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Flashinski ◽  
E. P. Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Unknown Compound ◽  
Phenyl Sulfone ◽  
Tlc Plates ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Methyl Phenyl

The metabolism and detoxication of 14C-(ethoxy) and 14C-(ring)-Dyfonate were demonstrated with isolated soil fungi. Quantitative and qualitative differences in the production of insecticide metabolites were observed. Among the nine fungal species tested, Mucor plumbeus and Rhizopus arrhizus were most active in degrading the insecticide, while Penicillium notatum was the least active. This activity was evidenced by the production of increasing amounts of water-soluble 14C-compounds in the culture media and the disappearance (degradation) of the originally applied insecticide from the fungal cultures. The water-soluble metabolites were non-toxic to mosquito larvae. Hexane-extractable compounds from cultures of the most active species were non-toxic to fruit flies, while those from cultures of the less active fungal species were insecticidal. Among the metabolites produced and detected by thin-layer chromatography were primarily dyfoxon, ethylethoxyphosphonothioic acid, ethylethoxyphosphonic acid, methyl phenyl sulfoxide, and methyl phenyl sulfone. With Aspergillus niger and 14C-(ring)-Dyfonate, most of the radiocarbon recovered from the TLC-plates was associated with an unknown compound. Production of the metabolites by the fungi was a function of the live mycelia, followed by excretion of water-soluble 14C-compounds into the culture media.

Development of Solid-Self Micron Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 2014-2021
Author(s):  
Preethi Sudheer ◽  
Koushik Y ◽  
Satish P ◽  
Uma Shankar M S ◽  
R S Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Modern Drug ◽  
Pharmaceutical Scientist ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

As a consequence of modern drug discovery techniques, there has been a steady increase in the number of new pharmacologically active lipophilic compounds that are poorly water soluble and solubility is one of the most important parameter to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for therapeutic response. It is a great challenge for pharmaceutical scientist to convert those molecules into orally administered formulation with sufficient bioavailability.  Among the several approaches to improve oral bioavailability of these molecules, Self-micron emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) is one of the approaches usually used to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. However, conventional SMEDDS are mostly prepared in a liquid form, which can have several disadvantages. Accordingly, solid SMEDDS (S-SMEDDS) prepared by solidification of liquid/semisolid self-micron emulsifying (SME) ingredients into powders have gained popularity. This article provides an overview of the recent advancements in S-SMEDDS such as methodology, techniques and future research directions.

scholarly journals Pesticidal residue analysis and phytochemical screening in leaves and roots of Barleria prionitis Linn.

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-459
Author(s):  
Reema Dheer ◽  
Surendra Swarnkar
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Capillary Column ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Leaves And Roots

In the present study emphasize on phytochemical screening in leaves and roots of Barleria prionitis Linn. The extract of plant materials total ash content, extractive value, water soluble ash, and loss on drying values were identified. Medicinal plant materials are liable to contain pesticide residues, which accumulate from agriculture practices, such as spraying, treatment of soils during cultivation and administration of fumigants during storage. It is therefore recommended that every sample of medicinal plants used for such type of studies should be analyzed for the pesticidal residues. Therefore in the present study parts of the herb used for their antidiabetic potential were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, which are persistent and remain in the food chain for longer periods. The samples of leaf and root of Barleria prionitis were ground coarsely and then preceded for the extraction procedure. The sample of extracts were analysed for residues of organochlorine pesticides by Gas Chromatography (GC). Analysis were carried out on a Schimadzu Model 2010 Gas Chromatograph (GC) equipped with 63 NI electron capture detector (ECD) and a capillary column HP ultra 2. The instrument was supported by Lab Solution software. The pesticide residues detected in them in the GC were within the limits. For phytochemical screening, the ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained were prepared and subjected to various qualitative tests in order to reveal the presence or absence of common phytopharmaceuticals by using standard tests. Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Pesticidal residues, Barleria prionitis Gas Chromatography, Ash value, extractive value.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticide Residues in Foodstuffs: Comparison of Methods

1974 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
Nigel A Smart ◽  
Alan R C Hill ◽  
Patricia A Roughan
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Chemist ◽  
A Current

Abstract The AOAC, de Faubert Maunder et al., and Wood methods have been examined for determining BHC, aldrin, heptachlor, DDT, and their major metabolites in milk, butter, cheese, and eggs. Also, the AOAC and the Laboratory of the Government Chemist (UK) methods have been investigated for these pesticides in apples, and both of the latter methods, together with a current EEC method, have been evaluated for measuring the pesticides in potatoes, carrots, and cabbages. Recoveries for these methods were determined by using samples with both added and incurred pesticide residues. There were no gross discrepancies in the results obtained by the different methods, although for certain foodstuffs and in certain situations some methods appeared preferable to others.

scholarly journals One-Step Chromatographic Cleanup of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticide Residues in Butterfat. II. Chromatography on Florisil

1963 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A Moats
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Paper Chromatography ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Screening Procedure ◽  
Total Chloride ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Insecticide Residues ◽  
One Step

Abstract The procedure for chromatography on Florisil was modified by using methylene chloride-petroleum ether mixtures to improve separation of insecticides from fat. Combined with paper chromatography, it provides a screening procedure for insecticide residues in dairy products that is comparable in speed and simplicity to total chloride methods but is of superior sensitivity.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antagonism of Trichoderma Verede and Aspergillus Spp. against a Pathogenic Seed Borne Fungus of Sesame

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Delwar Hosen ◽  
Shamim Shamsi
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Volatile Metabolites ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Antagonistic Potential ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Growth Inhibiting

Four soil fungi were isolated from the soil by serial dilution and were identified as Aspergillus flavus Link, A. fumigatus Fresenius, A. niger van Tieghem and Trichoderma viride Pers. The soil fungi were selected to evaluate their antagonistic potential against seed borne fungus Fusarium merismoides isolated from sesame. In dual culture colony interaction Trichoderma viride showed the highest (45.88%) growth inhibiting effect on F. merismoides followed by A. niger (40.00%), A. flavus (36.37) and A. fumigatus (30.77%). Volatile metabolites from T. viride showed the highest growth inhibiting effect on F. merismoides (67.69%) and non-volatile metabolites from T. viride showed the highest growth inhibiting effect on F. merismoides (75.00%). Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 43, No. 1, 17-23, 2019

Effects of various soil fungi and insecticides on the capacity of Mucor alternans to degrade DDT

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. E. Anderson ◽  
E. P. Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Metabolite Formation ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Free Media ◽  
Related Compounds

Pure cultures of the fungus Mucor alternans, isolated from DDT-contaminated soils, were able to degrade DDT to water-soluble metabolites. After the addition of fungal spores to DDT-contaminated soils, however, the insecticide-degrading capacity of the fungus was no longer evident. Since under field conditions many species of fungi are simultaneously exposed to mixed residues of pesticidal chemicals, the effects of various species of soil fungi and of various insecticides on DDT degradation by M. alternans were investigated. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of nine fungal species, their stale cell-free media, and various insecticides and related compounds on the capacity of M. alternans to degrade 14C-DDT to water-soluble metabolites. It was found that several pure fungal cultures or some cell-free media, in which mycelia had grown, could also degrade the insecticide. In most cases, however, addition of one of the various fungi to 14C-DDT-treated M. alternans cultures resulted in a total depression of the appearance of water-soluble metabolites in the media. This was due to an accumulation of the metabolites in the mycelium of the other fungus or in an inhibition of metabolite formation. Addition of stale media from various fungi to 14C-DDT-treated M. alternans cultures had various effects on fungal growth and on the capacity of the fungus to degrade the insecticide. Among the insecticides and related compounds tested only lindane, parathion, and Dyfonate caused a reduction in DDT degradation by M. alternans, without severely reducing its vegetative growth.

THE PRODUCTION BY BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER OF A HEAT-STABLE SUBSTANCE TOXIC FOR INSECTS

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellicott McConnell ◽  
A. Glenn Richards
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Toxic Principle ◽  
Heat Stable

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner produces in vitro a heat-stable, dialyzable substance which is toxic for insects when injected. The same or a similar substance is produced in vivo. The toxic principle is of unknown composition. It is heat-stable, water-soluble, dialyzable, and resistant to low temperatures. It is probably neither a protein nor a lipid. Clearly it is distinct from the heat-labile inclusion bodies and from lecithinase. Growth-curve studies showed that the heat-stable toxin appeared in liver broth cultures during the active growth phase, prior to the formation of spores or inclusion bodies. An attempt to produce the toxic principle from culture media in the absence of bacteria was unsuccessful from sterile inocula both from in vivo and in vitro sources. The LD50 for larvae of Galleria mellonella injected with autoclaved supernatant from a 10-day-old liver broth culture of B. thuringiensis was determined to be 0.00036 ml per larva or 0.002 ml per gram of larvae. Approximately the same level of toxicity was found for another caterpillar, a fly larva, and cockroaches. After larvae of Galleria or Pyrausla have been dead for more than 2 days from infection with B. thuringiensis the bacillus could no longer be recovered. A sublethal amount of the heat-stable toxin injected into old larvae of Galleria delayed emergence of the adults by 30 to 40%. The non-pathogenic Bacillus cereus was found to produce a similar-acting, heat-stable toxin under the same conditions that one is produced by B. thuringiensis.

scholarly journals Effects of Fruit and Pollen Exudates on Growth of Botrytis cinerea and Infection of Plum and Nectarine Fruit

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Fourie ◽  
G. Holz
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Immature Fruit ◽  
Sugar Release ◽  
Hexose Sugars

Sugars in exudates from Harry Pickstone plum and Sunlite nectarine fruit and from pollen of weeds commonly found in orchards were determined by gas-liquid chromatography, and their effect on the development of Botrytis cinerea was determined in vitro and in vivo. Fructose, glucose, and sorbitol were the only sugars detected in exudates of immature fruit. They occurred at low concentrations, but their concentration generally increased as fruit ripened. Sucrose was first detected during maturation. In nectarine, an increase in sugar concentration, especially sucrose, was pronounced during the period of rapid cell enlargement, which occurred approximately 2 weeks before harvest. Absorbance readings of culture media amended with sugar indicated that the hexose sugars (fructose and glucose) and sucrose did not markedly influence growth of B. cinerea at concentrations below 0.22 and 0.12 mM, respectively. The hexose sugars caused a steady increase in growth when supplied at concentrations in excess of 0.44 mM, and sucrose caused a steady increase in growth at 0.23 mM. The stimulatory effect of fruit exudates on growth of B. cinerea on glass slides coincided with the period of rapid sugar release from the fruit and the shift in susceptibility to decay. Only fructose (1.72 mM) and glucose (0.72 mM) were detected in nectarine pollen exudates. Pollen exudates from weeds stimulated fungal growth and significantly increased the aggressiveness of the pathogen on plum and nectarine fruit when added to conidia during the last 4 weeks prior to the picking-ripe stage. The study showed that changes in the composition of nectarine and plum fruit exudates may contribute to the late-season susceptibility of these fruit to B. cinerea infection.

scholarly journals Substrate Interactions during the Biodegradation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) Hydrocarbons by the Fungus Cladophialophora sp. Strain T1

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 2660-2665 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. X. Prenafeta-Boldú ◽  
J. Vervoort ◽  
J. T. C. Grotenhuis ◽  
J. W. van Groenestijn
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Soil Fungus ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Substrate Interactions ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Xylene Isomers ◽  
Alkylated Benzenes ◽  
Model Water

ABSTRACT The soil fungus Cladophialophora sp. strain T1 (= ATCC MYA-2335) was capable of growth on a model water-soluble fraction of gasoline that contained all six BTEX components (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylene isomers). Benzene was not metabolized, but the alkylated benzenes (toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) were degraded by a combination of assimilation and cometabolism. Toluene and ethylbenzene were used as sources of carbon and energy, whereas the xylenes were cometabolized to different extents. o-Xylene and m-xylene were converted to phthalates as end metabolites; p-xylene was not degraded in complex BTEX mixtures but, in combination with toluene, appeared to be mineralized. The metabolic profiles and the inhibitory nature of the substrate interactions indicated that toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were degraded at the side chain by the same monooxygenase enzyme. Our findings suggest that soil fungi could contribute significantly to bioremediation of BTEX pollution.

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