Metabolism of carbaryl and carbofuran by soil-enrichment and bacterial cultures

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1458-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Rajagopal ◽  
V. R. Rao ◽  
G. Nagendrappa ◽  
N. Sethunathan
Keyword(s):  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Soil Enrichment ◽  
Enrichment Cultures ◽  
Hydrolysis Products ◽  
Carbamate Insecticides ◽  
Major Route

Metabolism of side chain and ring 14C-labelled carbaryl and carbofuran in a mineral salts medium by soil-enrichment cultures and a Bacillus sp. was studied. A change in the substrate of the medium from carbaryl to carbofuran led to a marked shift in the dominant bacterium from Bacillus sp. to Arthrobacter sp. although carbaryl-enrichment culture was the primary inoculum in both media. Hydrolysis was the major route of microbial degradation of both carbamate insecticides. During carbaryl degradation by enrichment cultures and Bacillus sp., 1-naphthol and 1,4-naphthoquinone accumulated in the medium. Of the three metabolites formed from carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran were further metabolized rapidly, while carbofuran phenol was resistant to further degradation. Evolution of 14CO2 and other gaseous 14C-labelled products from both side chain and ring labels was negligible. This and slow degradation of the hydrolysis products led to significant accumulation of 14C in the medium even after prolonged incubation.

Effect of yeast extract on the degradation of organophosphorus insecticides by soil enrichment and bacterial cultures

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1105-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sharmila ◽  
K. Ramanand ◽  
N. Sethunathan
Keyword(s):  
Nitro Group ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Methyl Parathion ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Laterite Soil ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Soil Enrichment ◽  
Group Reduction ◽  
Nitro Group Reduction

Soil enrichment cultures were prepared by repeated additions of methyl parathion to flooded alluvial and laterite soils incubated at 35 °C. These cultures were tested for their ability to degrade methyl parathion in a mineral salts medium in the presence and absence of yeast extract. Addition of yeast extract (0.05% w/v) accelerated the degradation of methyl parathion by both enriched cultures. Methyl parathion was degraded by the enrichment culture from alluvial soil essentially by hydrolysis in the absence of yeast extract and by nitro group reduction in its presence. The enrichment culture from laterite soil degraded methyl parathion (by hydrolysis) only in the presence of yeast extract. A Bacillus sp., isolated from laterite soil, degraded methyl parathion essentially by hydrolysis in the presence of a concentration (w/v) of yeast extract of 0.05%, by both hydrolysis and nitro group reduction at 0.1 and 0.25%, and exclusively by nitro group reduction at 0.5%. A similar trend was also noticed with parathion. However, fenitrothion was degraded by Bacillus sp. mainly by hydrolysis at all concentrations of yeast extract, whereas diazinon was not degraded.Key words: organophosphorothioates, biodegradation, yeast extract dependent pathway.

scholarly journals Identifying Hidden Viable Bacterial Taxa in Tropical Forest Soils Using Amplicon Sequencing of Enrichment Cultures

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 569
Author(s):  
Chakriya Sansupa ◽  
Sara Fareed Mohamed Wahdan ◽  
Terd Disayathanoowat ◽  
Witoon Purahong
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Enrichment Cultures ◽  
Total Community

This study aims to estimate the proportion and diversity of soil bacteria derived from eDNA-based and culture-based methods. Specifically, we used Illumina Miseq to sequence and characterize the bacterial communities from (i) DNA extracted directly from forest soil and (ii) DNA extracted from a mixture of bacterial colonies obtained by enrichment cultures on agar plates of the same forest soil samples. The amplicon sequencing of enrichment cultures allowed us to rapidly screen a culturable community in an environmental sample. In comparison with an eDNA community (based on a 97% sequence similarity threshold), the fact that enrichment cultures could capture both rare and abundant bacterial taxa in forest soil samples was demonstrated. Enrichment culture and eDNA communities shared 2% of OTUs detected in total community, whereas 88% of enrichment cultures community (15% of total community) could not be detected by eDNA. The enrichment culture-based methods observed 17% of the bacteria in total community. FAPROTAX functional prediction showed that the rare and unique taxa, which were detected with the enrichment cultures, have potential to perform important functions in soil systems. We suggest that enrichment culture-based amplicon sequencing could be a beneficial approach to evaluate a cultured bacterial community. Combining this approach together with the eDNA method could provide more comprehensive information of a bacterial community. We expected that more unique cultured taxa could be detected if further studies used both selective and non-selective culture media to enrich bacteria at the first step.

An Improved Screening Method for the Detection and Isolation of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 From Meat, Incorporating the 3M Petrifilm™ Test Kit - HEC - for Hemorrhagic Escherichia coli 0157:H7

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 936-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANITA J. G. OKREND ◽  
BONNIE E. ROSE ◽  
RICHARD MATNER
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Meat Sample ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Enrichment Cultures ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Cooked Meat

A screening method was devised incorporating a commercially available reactive disc blot ELISA for Escherichia coli 0157 antigen, into a cultural screening program for the isolation of E. coli 0157:H7 from meat and poultry products. The method includes the inoculation of a raw or cooked meat sample into an enrichment broth, incubation with shaking at 37°C for 6 to 8 h, followed by inoculation of 3M Petrifilm™ E. coli Count plates with dilutions of the enrichment culture. The Petrifilm plates were incubated at 42°C for 18 h and tested for the presence of the 0157 antigen. The enrichment cultures were reincubated static at 35°C after the initial shaken incubation. Isolation was attempted from the positive Petrifilm plates by both a direct picking and streaking method and by the 3M Prompt™ isolation method. Isolation also was attempted from the 24-h enrichment cultures by spread plating serial dilutions on 150 × 15 mm MacConkey sorbitol agar (MSA) and MSA with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-β-D-glucuronic acid cyclohexylammonium salt (BCIG). This fast and efficient screening procedure identifies negative and presumptive positive samples in 26–28 h. Isolation and confirmation of the presumptive positive isolates require an additional 3 to 4 d.

Soil enrichment for the isolation of sporangial subgroup II Bacillus species, and observations concerning a coil-forming member of this group

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1031-1038
Author(s):  
R. T. Wood ◽  
L. E. Casida Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Soil Medium ◽  
Soil Enrichment ◽  
Subgroup Ii ◽  
Characteristic Features

Enrichment culture procedures are described which allow recovery from soil of mainly sporangial subgroup II Bacillus species, subgroup I plus subgroup II, or the latter plus a coil-forming member of subgroup II. After isolation, the coil-forming type grew normally and sporulated extensively only on agarized soil medium. Growth was normal on soil extract agar but sporulation was less extensive. Limited sporulation occurred when divalent cations were added to more conventional media. Normal vegetative growth occurred on other media investigated only when the pH value was held within relatively narrow limits. The presence of carbohydrate in agar media caused partial growth inhibition, a lack of catalase activity, and the formation of very long coiled cells plus pleomorphic cells, whereas overt cell lysis occurred in vigorously shaken broth cultures. These responses possibly reflect an unbalanced growth condition caused by growth at pH extremes, and not by carbohydrate per se. The characteristic features that set the coil-forming bacilli apart from other subgroup II Bacillus species were shown to be (1) their inability to grow at pH values below 6.5, (2) their inability to ferment carbohydrates, (3) their high oxygen requirement for growth, and (4) their ability to reduce thiosulfate to H2S. In addition, these bacilli can be distinguished from closely related established species by other biochemical tests.

Elucidation of the metabolic and elimination pathways of panobinostat (LBH589) using [14C]-panobinostat

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2549-2549 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Clive ◽  
M. M. Woo ◽  
M. Stewart ◽  
T. Nydam ◽  
S. Hirawat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Hydroxamic Acid ◽  
Oral Absorption ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Deacetylase Inhibitor ◽  
Radiometric Detection ◽  
Major Route ◽  
Clinically Significant

2549 Background: Panobinostat (PAN), a hydroxamic acid derivative, is a potent pan-deacetylase inhibitor, demonstrating anti-tumor activities in a wide variety of preclinical models and showing promising clinical activity. This study elucidates the metabolic and elimination pathways of PAN using [14C]-PAN. Methods: Four patients with advanced cancer received a single oral 20 mg dose of [14C]-PAN (50 μCi). Whole blood, plasma, urine, and feces were collected over 7 days. Total radioactivity was measured in blood, plasma, and excreta by liquid scintillation counting. PAN and its metabolite concentrations in plasma and excreta were measured by LC-MS/MS and HPLC with radiometric detection. Patients were monitored for safety. Results: The single PAN dose was well tolerated with no clinically significant laboratory or ECG abnormalities observed. PAN had a rapid oral absorption [median Tmax 0.8 h (range, 0.5–1 h)] and moderate elimination (median t1/2 31 h). The median t1/2 for blood and plasma radioactivity was 54 and 75 hours, respectively. Mass balance was achieved with ≥87% of the administered radioactivity being recovered in the excreta of all patients after 7 days. 44–77% and 29–51% of the dose was recovered in the feces and urine, respectively. Unchanged PAN accounted for ≤3% of the administered dose in the feces, suggesting good oral absorption. The most prominent metabolic pathways involved modifications of the hydroxamic acid (HA) side chain, to form an amide via reduction, carboxylic acid via either hydrolysis or one- and two-carbon (M1) shortening of the HA side chain. Oxygenation and glucuronidation were also observed. PAN accounted for ≤9% of the total radioactivity AUC. The most abundant circulating metabolites in plasma were the glucuronide of M1 (19%) and carbamoyl glucuronide of PAN (13%). At least 40 metabolites, many at trace levels, were observed circulating in plasma. Conclusions: PAN and its metabolites are equally excreted in the urine and feces. Elimination of PAN is primarily by metabolism via reduction, hydrolysis, oxidation and glucuronidation. The balanced elimination and absence of a single major route of PAN metabolism suggest that clinical drug-drug interactions are unlikely with PAN. [Table: see text]

A modification of the method using cellulose overlay agar to isolate and purify cellulolytic cytophagas from enrichment culture

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 687-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Drijber ◽  
W. B. McGill
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Enrichment Cultures ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Back Door ◽  
Agar Surface ◽  
Agar Method

We report here on a modification of the cellulose overlay agar method for isolating and purifying cellulolytic cytophagas from enrichment cultures. We call it the "back-door" method, and it overcomes two existing problems. First, it prevents recontamination with organisms growing on the agar surface. Second, it permits purification of cellulolytic cytophagas that are unable to utilize glucose or that are accompanied by a rapidly growing contaminant with spreading habit. Pure cultures of cellulolytic cytophagas were obtained from five enrichment cultures of nine soil samples examined. Two limitations are that (i) the cytophaga must be able to penetrate the overlay and (ii) some noncellulolytic cytophagas may also penetrate the overlay to yield cocultures. In conclusion, the back-door method can be used both to isolate and purify cellulolytic cytophagas from soils, using only a cellulose-based medium. Key words: back-door method, cellulolytic cytophagas, cellulose overlay agar, cellulolysis.

scholarly journals Biodegradation of Endocrine Disruptors in Solid-Liquid Two-Phase Partitioning Systems by Enrichment Cultures

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (15) ◽  
pp. 4701-4711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Villemur ◽  
Silvia Cristina Cunha dos Santos ◽  
Julianne Ouellette ◽  
Pierre Juteau ◽  
François Lépine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phase Partitioning ◽  
Enrichment Cultures ◽  
Solid Liquid

ABSTRACTNaturally occurring and synthetic estrogens and other molecules from industrial sources strongly contribute to the endocrine disruption of urban wastewater. Because of the presence of these molecules in low but effective concentrations in wastewaters, these endocrine disruptors (EDs) are only partially removed after most wastewater treatments, reflecting the presence of these molecules in rivers in urban areas. The development of a two-phase partitioning bioreactor (TPPB) might be an effective strategy for the removal of EDs from wastewater plant effluents. Here, we describe the establishment of three ED-degrading microbial enrichment cultures adapted to a solid-liquid two-phase partitioning system using Hytrel as the immiscible water phase and loaded with estrone, estradiol, estriol, ethynylestradiol, nonylphenol, and bisphenol A. All molecules except ethynylestradiol were degraded in the enrichment cultures. The bacterial composition of the three enrichment cultures was determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and showed sequences affiliated with bacteria associated with the degradation of these compounds, such asSphingomonadales. OneRhodococcusisolate capable of degrading estrone, estradiol, and estriol was isolated from one enrichment culture. These results highlight the great potential for the development of TPPB for the degradation of highly diluted EDs in water effluents.

scholarly journals Production and Characterization of Collagenase From Bacillus sp. 6-2 Isolated From Fish Liquid Waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Sartika Danial ◽  
Hasnah Natsir ◽  
Seniwati Dali ◽  
Leliani Leliani
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Collagen Peptides ◽  
Hydrolysis Products ◽  
Native Collagen ◽  
Optimum Ph

Collagenases are enzyme that are able to hydrolyze native collagen into fragment collagen peptides. Collagenases and its hydrolysis products have received tremendous attention in medical and industrial applications. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify new collagenase producing bacteria from fish liquid waste, then produce and characterize collagenase. A total of 7 isolate from fish liquid waste were screened on selective medium containg 2 % collagen and its activity was confirmed by the formation of clear zone. Isolat 6-2 was positif as collagenase producer and identified as Bacillus sp. 6-2 by morphological and biochemical characteristics. The optimum fermentation time of enzyme was investigated. Collagenase crude extract was characterized by the effect of pH, temperature, and metal ions. Isolat 62 optimally produced collagenase enzyme after 30 h of incubation with activity of   0.072 U/mL and protein content of 3.768 mg/mL. The optimum pH and temperature were 7.0 and 40 oC, respectively. The enzyme was activated by 1 mM Ca2+and  Mg2+, and inhibited by   1 mM  Zn2+ and Co2+. Collagenase from Bacillus sp. 6-2 may have potentials for medical and industrial applications.

Characterization of an anaerobic soil enrichment capable of dechlorinating high concentrations of tetrachloroethylene

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae Ho Lee ◽  
Masaharu Yoshimi ◽  
Michihiko Ike ◽  
Masanori Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Soil Enrichment ◽  
Dechlorinating Bacteria ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Curved Rods ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Vitamin Mixture

An anaerobic soil enrichment culture could dechlorinate high concentrations of tetrachloroethylene (PCE; 150 mg/liter nominal concentration; approximately 58 mg/liter in aqueous concentration) nearly stoichiometrically to cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) via trichloroethylene (TCE) at high rates; a maximum dechlorination rate was 0.4 μmol of PCE transformed/mg volatile suspended solids per hr, using citrate as an electron and carbon source and yeast extract as a nutritional requirement. This dechlorinating activity was comparable with those of the previously-reported, efficient bacterial cultures. Some substrates such as pyruvate, succinate, formate, acetate, and acetate with H2 could replace citrate but propionate could not, and yeast extract could be replaced by a vitamin mixture. However the PCE dechlorination rate decreased more than threefold by the addition of the vitamin mixture, suggesting that the vitamin mixture could not be a complete supplement for the nutritional requirement. Optimal pH and temperature of the enrichment for PCE dechlorination were 7 and 30 °C, respectively. Dechlorination of PCE was completely inhibited by the addition of NO3− and NO2− as potential alternative electron acceptors. S2O3−2 and SO3−2 delayed PCE dechlorination but SO4−2 had no significant effect on PCE reduction. 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid (BES, an inhibitor of methanogenesis) also showed no influence on PCE dechlorination, suggesting methanogens were not concerned with PCE removal in this enrichment. Further, microbial investigations on the enrichment showed that it contains four types of bacteria; cocci, large rods, curved rods, and small rods. The small rods seemed to nutritionally support the PCE dechlorinating bacteria, presumably the curved rods.

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