Microbiological aspects of ammonia oxidation of swine waste

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 918-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. St-Arnaud ◽  
J. -G. Bisaillon ◽  
R. Beaudet
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Swine Waste ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Rotating Biological Contactor ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Inorganic Medium ◽  
Number Of Cells ◽  
Microbiological Aspects

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were present at 102 MPN/mL (most probable number per millilitre) in swine waste, and they were outnumbered by a factor of 105 by the heterotrophs of the indigenous flora. To study these ammonia-oxidizing bacteria we attempted to isolate them in pure culture. We succeeded in increasing the concentration of these bacteria by successive transfers to an inorganic medium, but the heterotrophs were always dominant. To overcome this problem Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718 was adapted to grow in stabilized swine waste. With this adapted strain it was shown that the number of cells inoculated into swine waste rapidly decreased both under the aerobic conditions used to oxidize the organic matter of swine waste and under the anaerobic conditions found in stored swine waste. Ammonia oxidation was delayed when adapted N. europaea was inoculated into a partially stabilized swine waste as compared with results in a completely stabilized waste. A biofilm of 107 MPN/cm2 of N. europaea was developed after 114 days of incubation at 29 °C on polyvinyl chloride discs covered with geotextile in a rotating biological contactor using an inorganic medium. This biofilm was gradually adapted to stabilized swine waste and the rate of disappearance of ammonia reached 270 mg∙L−1∙day−1 in the compartment of the reactor containing 2.5 L of waste. Key words: amonia-oxidizing bacteria, swine waste, ammonia oxidation, biofilm, most probable number.

Numbers, activities, and diversity of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in a freshwater, eutrophic lake sediment

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 828-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. Smorczewski ◽  
E. L. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Lake Sediment ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Eutrophic Lake ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizer ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizers ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Nitrite Oxidizers

The microbiological and chemical potential for ammonia oxidation in a freshwater, eutrophic lake sediment was examined in relation to environmental changes caused by seasonal, dimictic circulation. Poulations of both ammonia and nitrite oxidizers as estimated by most probable number (MPN) were sustained throughout extended anaerobic summer intervals, with nitrite oxidizers outnumbering ammonia oxidizers by a factor ranging from 3.0 to 8.1. Ammonia oxidation potential on a per cell basis was affected by seasonal changes and was seen to decrease as oxygen was removed from the sediments. Pure-culture isolations from a positive MPN tube inoculated with oxygenated sediment and representing a single point in a seasonal cycle produced ammonia-oxidizing strains belonging to the genus Nitrosospira. These strains did not react with known ammonia-oxidizer serotypes and, therefore, extend the serological diversity of this group of bacteria. An immunofluorescence analysis of MPN tubes from sediment collected during a period of lake stratification revealed progressive changes in the diversity of the ammonia-oxidizer population. The genera Nitrosomonas, Nitrosolobus, and Nitrosospira, including the novel serotype of Nitrosospira isolated from the sediment a year earlier, were found to coexist in well-oxygenated sediment. This diversity was seen to disappear, with Nistrosomonas surviving, as anaerobic conditions persisted. Key words: ammonia oxidizers, lake sediments, nitrifiers, nitrification.

scholarly journals The efficiency of a low-cost hydrogen sulphide (H2S) kit as an early warning test for assessing microbial rainwater quality and its correlation with standard indicators microorganisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
Mokaba Shirley Malema ◽  
Jean-Marc Mwenge Kahinda ◽  
Akebe Luther King Abia ◽  
Roman Tandlich ◽  
Bongumusa M. Zuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Number Of Cells

Abstract Testing microbial quality of the harvested rainwater remains a challenge in many countries. The H2S test kit is a low-cost microbiological field-based test which can be used in areas where water testing facilities are limited. This study compares its efficiency with the standard indicators microorganisms in the detection of faecal contamination of rainwater in South Africa. A total of 88 rainwater samples were collected from various tanks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa over three months in 2016. The collected samples were analysed for faecal bacterial contamination using the H2S test kit, Colilert-18/Quanti-tray®/2000 and the membrane filtration technique for faecal coliforms (MFT). The correspondence rate of the H2S test kit with MFT was 88 %, while for the Colilert® it was 76 %. The H2S test kit confirmed faecal contamination when concentrations of standards indicators microorganisms were 5 most-probable number of cells/100 cm3 or higher. Overall, the best correspondence of the H2S test kit with Colilert® was observed at E. coli concentrations above 50 most-probable number of cells/100 cm3. Results of the H2S test kit correlated better with MTF, while the medium used has strongly influenced the enumeration of faecal contamination. Results point to strong effect of media used and revealed the need to calibrate the correspondence between the standard indicator microorganisms and the H2S test kit under local conditions for specific settings.

Nitrification of swine waste

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Blouin ◽  
J. -G. Bisaillon ◽  
R. Beaudet ◽  
M. Ishaque
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Complete Oxidation ◽  
Swine Waste ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Complete Nitrification ◽  
Oxidation Of Ammonia

Complete oxidation of ammonia nitrogen (~1000 mg/L) to nitrite was observed in stabilized swine waste after 49 days in incubation at 400 rpm and 29 °C, only if 10% (v/v) activated sludge from a wastewater treatment unit and 1.5% (w/v) CaCO3, were added. Stabilized swine waste contains less than 0.09 most probable number (MPN) per millilitre of nitrosobacteria and 2.3 MPN/mL of nitrobacteria. In activated sludge, the concentrations of these bacteria were 2.4 MPN/mL for nitrosobacteria and 4.2 × 105 MPN/mL for nitrobacteria. In the swine waste where ammonia was oxidized to nitrite, the nitrosobacteria growth increased to 5.5 × 105 MPN/mL, while the nitrobacteria growth decreased to 2.3 MPN/mL. Inoculation of a freshly stabilized swine waste with 10% (v/v) of the active nitrifying waste and addition of 1.5% (w/v) CaCO3, accelerated the oxidation of ammonia nitrogen to nitrite; the reaction was completed after only 5 days of incubation. Increasing the incubation period to 10 days resulted in the complete oxidation of the accumulated nitrite to nitrate. In the stabilized swine waste, complete nitrification without accumulation of nitrite was obtained in only 5 days of incubation when the waste was inoculated with both enriched nitrifying populations (106–107 MPN/mL). Key words: nitrifying microorganisms, swine waste, nitrification, most probable number.

Examination of an acid forest soil for ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1125-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Hankinson ◽  
E. L. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizer ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizers ◽  
Nitrite Oxidation ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Acid Forest Soil ◽  
Nitrite Oxidizers

An acid forest soil (pH 3.9 – 4.4) from an undisturbed mixed oak stand in southern Indiana was examined for the occurrence of ammonia- and nitrite- oxidizing chemoautotrophs. Populations of both nitrifiers were detected in pH 7 most-probable-number (MPN) autotrophic media, and a Nitrosospira was isolated from highest dilution ammonia oxidizer MPN tubes. Populations of nitrite oxidizers were 10 to 1000 times higher than those of ammonia oxidizers. In pH 4.0 MPN media, ammonia oxidation was slight and unsustainable on 10% transfer to fresh medium, whereas nitrite oxidation was vigorous and sustainable. In pure culture the Nitrosospira isolate (Np IO1a) was completely inhibited by nitrapyrin at 5 μg mL−1, tolerant of 1.0 and 10.0 mM chlorate, and capable of growth only at pH 6.2 and above. Fluorescent antibodies raised against Np IO1a were used to confirm the predominance of Np IO1a in all MPN series examined. These results suggest that autotrophic ammonia oxidizers may be restricted to circumneutral microsites in this acid soil, whereas autotrophic nitrite oxidizers may not be limited to such sites.

scholarly journals Βιοαντιδραστήρες μεμβρανών για την επεξεργασία βιομηχανικών λυμάτων

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Παναγιώτα Μπαμπατσούλη
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Probable Number

Στο α μέρος της παρούσας διατριβής μελετάται μια πιλοτική μονάδα βιολογικού καθαρισμού με βιοαντιδραστήρα μεμβρανών, η οποία επεξεργάζεται τα βιομηχανικά απόβλητα που εισέρχονται στις εγκαταστάσεις του βιολογικού της ΒΙ.ΠΕ Ηρακλείου Κρήτης, χωρίς καμμία προεπεξεργασία, πέραν από αυτή της εσχάρωσης. Το συγκεκριμένο απόβλητο χαρακτηρίζεται κυρίως από το πολύ υψηλό οργανικό φορτίo που περιέχει και τις υψηλές διακυμάνσεις στη σύστασή του. Οι αναλύσεις που πραγματοποιήθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια της διατριβής στο συγκεκριμένο σύστημα αφορούσαν α) την εξέταση της επίδρασης του χρόνου παραμονής της λάσπης στην ποιότητα της εκροής β) τον προσδιορισμό των διαλυτών και δεσμευμένων εξωκυτταρικών πολυμερών που παράγονται στο σύστημα με στόχο την διερεύνηση της επίδρασης του χρόνου παραμονής της λάσπης στην έμφραξη των μεμβρανών και γ) την εξέταση της επίδρασης του υδραυλικού χρόνου παραμονής τόσο στην ποιότητα εξόδου της εκροής, όσο και στη συσσώρευση των εξωκυτταρικών πολυμερών ενώσεων και των διαλυτών μικροβιακών προϊόντων, σε σταθερό χρόνο παραμονής της λάσπης.Επιπλέον στα πλαίσια αυτής της διατριβής και στα ευρύτερα πλαίσια του όρου ‘βιοαντιδραστήρες μεμβρανών’ στο β μέρος εξετάστηκε ένας αντιδραστήρας προσκολλημένης βιομάζας χρησιμοποιώντας ως μέσο ανάπτυξης των μικροοργανισμών ένα πατενταρισμένο ύφασμα με στόχο τη μελέτη της επεξεργασίας ενός συνθετικού αποβλήτου που προσομοιώνει το ‘βιομηχανικό’ απόβλητο που προέρχεται από την έξοδο θαλασσινών υδατοκαλλιεργειών. Με την πάροδο του χρόνου αναπτύχθηκαν βακτήρια πάνω στο ύφασμα του αντιδραστήρα και κατόπιν πραγματοποιήθηκε ο εμβολιασμός του συστήματος με συγκεκριμένο γένος μικροαλγών για την αποτελεσματικότερη λειτουργία του. Οι αναλύσεις οι οποίες πραγματοποιήθηκαν στο συγκεκριμένο σύστημα είχαν ως στόχο: α) τον προσδιορισμό του βέλτιστου χρόνου λειτουργίας της αντλίας του αντιδραστήρα β) την περιγραφή της μικροβιακής κοινότητας που αποτελούσε το βιοφίλμ που αναπτύχθηκε στο ύφασμα του αντιδραστήρα και που προσδιορίστηκε συγκεκριμένα με τη μέθοδο του Pyrosequencing. γ) τον προσδιορισμό του αριθμού των συνολικών κυττάρων των μικροαλγών και των βακτηρίων ανά τετραγωνικό εκατοστό βιοφίλμ που εκτιμήθηκε με βάση τον αλγόριθμο του πιο πιθανού αριθμού (Most Probable Number - MPN) δ) την αποδοτικότητα του συστήματος (όσον αφορά τις απομακρύνσεις οργανικού υλικού, αζώτου και φωσφόρου) σε διάφορες αναλογίες άνθρακα προς άζωτο του τροφοδοτούμενου αποβλήτου ε) την εξέταση της σταθερότητας της βακτηριακής κοινότητας μέσω της τεχνικής της ηλεκροφόρησης σε πολυακρυλαμίδη σε διαβάθμιση αποδιατακτικών μέσων (DGGE) στ) τη σύνδεση συγκεκριμένων ομάδων μικροοργανισμών με την επεξεργασία του αποβλήτου. Η ποσοτικοποίηση του αριθμού γονιδίων πραγματοποιήθηκε με την τεχνική της Real-Time PCR. Συγκεκριμένα πραγματοποιήθηκε ο πολλαπλασιασμός των οξειδωτών αμμωνίας για τα αρχαία (AOA- ammonia oxidizing archaeal) και τα βακτήρια (AOB- ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria) (γονίδιο amoΑ), καθώς και ο πολλαπλασιασμός των γονιδίων απονιτροποίησης nirK, nirS, and nosZ.

scholarly journals Microbiological aspects of type C pasteurized milk marketed in the cariri region of the State of Ceará

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e4199108661
Author(s):  
Ana Caroline Fernandes Sampaio ◽  
Adolfo Pinheiro de Oliveira ◽  
Maria Suiane de Moraes ◽  
Dannaya Julliethy Gomes Quirino ◽  
Nara Vanessa dos Anjos Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
The State ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Type C ◽  
Quality Of Milk ◽  
Microbiological Aspects

The quality of milk is directly linked to a reduced number of deteriorating microorganisms, low somatic cell count and absence of pathogens. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of type C pasteurized milk, marketed in the Cariri region, in the state of Ceará. The Most Probable Number (MPN) of Coliforms at 45°C and the presence of Salmonella spp were determined, according to the limits established by the Resolution of the Collegiate Board (RCD) number 12, 02/2001. 33 samples of pasteurized type C milk sold in commercial establishments, including supermarkets and bakeries, were collected in different cities in the state of Ceará. The results showed that 39.40%, equivalent to 13 of the samples, were outside the standards established by the current legislation regarding the coliform count at 45°C. Regarding the analysis of Salmonella spp. all samples showed absence of the microorganism.

scholarly journals Impact of Blackwater Disposal in Erbil City on Municipal Wastewater and Bounded Soil Characteristics with Potential Solutions

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Disposal Site ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
The Impact

<p>Direct discharge of black water (BW) without treatment to the natural environment causes problems for the environment. The present research aimed to examine the impact of direct disposal of BW on the municipal wastewater (MWW) and surrounded soil characteristics in the BW disposal site in Erbil City- Kurdistan Region (KR), Iraq. To check the effect of BW on the boarded MWW and the soil; BW, MWW, BW mixed with MWW (BWMWW), polluted soil, and clean soil samples were collected and analyzed. Samples of BW, MWW, and BWMWW were tested for 32 physical-chemical and biological quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, solids, color, dissolved oxygen, five day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), sulphate, oil and grease, phosphate, Most probable number (M.P.N.) of coliform, Thermo tolerant, M.P.N. E.Coli …etc. In contrast, soil samples were tested for 37 parameters, for instance pH, ORP, organic matter (OM), sulfite, Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Gallium, Arsenic, Rubidium, Strontium, Yttrium, Zirconium, Molybdenum, Silver, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Thorium and Uranium. Results revealed that the direct disposal of BW without treatment commonly affected on the MWW and the surrounded soil characteristics. Potential treatment processes and solutions for BW disposal were presented.</p>

scholarly journals Nitrogen Cycling and Community Structure of Proteobacterial β-Subgroup Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria within Polluted Marine Fish Farm Sediments

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison E. McCaig ◽  
Carol J. Phillips ◽  
John R. Stephen ◽  
George A. Kowalchuk ◽  
S. Martyn Harvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Nitrogen Cycling ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Fish Farm ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizer ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Oligonucleotide Hybridization ◽  
Pcr Products

ABSTRACT A multidisciplinary approach was used to study the effects of pollution from a marine fish farm on nitrification rates and on the community structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the underlying sediment. Organic content, ammonium concentrations, nitrification rates, and ammonia oxidizer most-probable-number counts were determined in samples of sediment collected from beneath a fish cage and on a transect at 20 and 40 m from the cage. The data suggest that nitrogen cycling was significantly disrupted directly beneath the fish cage, with inhibition of nitrification and denitrification. Although visual examination indicated some slight changes in sediment appearance at 20 m, all other measurements were similar to those obtained at 40 m, where the sediment was considered pristine. The community structures of proteobacterial β-subgroup ammonia-oxidizing bacteria at the sampling sites were compared by PCR amplification of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), using primers which target this group. PCR products were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and with oligonucleotide hybridization probes specific for different ammonia oxidizers. A DGGE doublet observed in PCR products from the highly polluted fish cage sediment sample was present at a lower intensity in the 20-m sample but was absent from the pristine 40-m sample station. Band migration, hybridization, and sequencing demonstrated that the doublet corresponded to a marineNitrosomonas group which was originally observed in 16S rDNA clone libraries prepared from the same sediment samples but with different PCR primers. Our data suggest that this novelNitrosomonas subgroup was selected for within polluted fish farm sediments and that the relative abundance of this group was influenced by the extent of pollution.

Enrichment of nitrifying microbial communities from shrimp farms and commercial inocula

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Paungfoo ◽  
P. Prasertsan ◽  
N. Intrasungkha ◽  
L.L. Blackall ◽  
R. Bhamidimarri
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Shrimp Farm ◽  
Commercial Seed

Nitrifying bacteria were selected from shrimp farm water and sediment (ÒnaturalÓ seed) in Thailand and from commercial seed cultures. The microbial consortia from each source giving the best ammonia removal during batch culture pre-enrichments were used as inocula for two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). Nitrifiers were cultivated in the SBRs with 100 mg NH4-N/l and artificial wastewater containing 25 ppt salinity. The two SBRs were operated at a 7 d hydraulic retention time (HRT) for 77 d after which the HRT was reduced to 3.5 d. The amounts of ammonia removed from the influent by microorganisms sourced from the natural seed were 85% and 92% for the 7 d HRT and the 3.5 d HRT, respectively. The ammonia removals of microbial consortia from the commercial seed were 71% and 83% for these HRTs respectively. The quantity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was determined in the SBRs using the most probable number (MPN) technique. Both AOB and NOB increased in number over the long-term operation of both SBRs. According to quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) probing, AOB from the natural seed and commercial seed comprised 21 ± 2% and 30 ± 2%, respectively of all bacteria. NOB could not be detected with currently-reported FISH probes, suggesting that novel NOB were enriched from both sources. Taken collectively, the results from this study provide an indication that the nitrifiers from shrimp farm sources are more effective at ammonia removal than those from commercial seed cultures.

scholarly journals Oxygen-Dependent Growth of the Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Desulfovibrio oxyclinae in Coculture withMarinobacter sp. Strain MB in an Aerated Sulfate-Depleted Chemostat

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 5019-5023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Sigalevich ◽  
Yehuda Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Oxidation ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Growth Mode ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Growth Vessel ◽  
Dependent Growth

ABSTRACT A chemostat coculture of the sulfate-reducing bacteriumDesulfovibrio oxyclinae and the facultatively aerobic heterotroph Marinobacter sp. strain MB was grown for 1 week under anaerobic conditions at a dilution rate of 0.05 h−1. It was then exposed to an oxygen flux of 223 μmol min−1by gassing the growth vessel with 5% O2. Sulfate reduction persisted under these conditions, though the amount of sulfate reduced decreased by 45% compared to the amount reduced during the initial anaerobic mode. After 1 week of growth under these conditions, sulfate was excluded from the incoming medium. The sulfate concentration in the growth vessel decreased exponentially from 4.1 mM to 2.5 μM. The coculture consumed oxygen effectively, and no residual oxygen was detected during either growth mode in which oxygen was supplied. The proportion of D. oxyclinae cells in the coculture as determined by in situ hybridization decreased from 86% under anaerobic conditions to 70% in the microaerobic sulfate-reducing mode and 34% in the microaerobic sulfate-depleted mode. As determined by the most-probable-number (MPN) method, the numbers of viable D. oxyclinae cells during the two microaerobic growth modes decreased compared to the numbers during the anaerobic growth mode. However, there was no significant difference between the MPN values for the two modes when oxygen was supplied. The patterns of consumption of electron donors and acceptors suggested that when oxygen was supplied in the absence of sulfate and thiosulfate, D. oxyclinaeperformed incomplete aerobic oxidation of lactate to acetate. This is the first observation of oxygen-dependent growth of a sulfate-reducing bacterium in the absence of either sulfate or thiosulfate. Cells harvested during the microaerobic sulfate-depleted stage and exposed to sulfate and thiosulfate in a respiration chamber were capable of anaerobic sulfate and thiosulfate reduction.

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