Decolorization of the polymeric dye Poly R-478 by wood-inhabiting fungi

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 811-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Freitag ◽  
Jeffrey J. Morrell
Keyword(s):  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Lignin Peroxidase ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Dye Decolorization ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Polymeric Dye

Decolorization of the polymeric dye Poly R-478, an indicator of phenoloxidase activity, was examined as a potential method for separating white- and brown-rot fungi taxonomically and for screening for ligninolytic capability. In plate tests, decolorization proceeded more slowly than radial growth, which indicates that decolorizing enzymes are associated with growing and developed hyphae. Strains of the same species differed in decolorizing ability, but as expected, there were no differences between monokaryons and dikaryons of the same species. Raising the temperature from 20 to 40 °C usually increased the decolorization rate, but less than it increased the growth rate. Most brown-rot, soft-rot, or xylophilous fungi did not decolorize the dye, but 16 of 47 brown-rot fungi weakly decolorized the dye at 20 or 30 °C. Aspergillus niger and one Henningsomyces sp. also decolorized the dye. Studies with the brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Fomitopsis pinicola on liquid media revealed no lignin peroxidase or manganese-dependent peroxidase activity, although nonspecific peroxidase activity was detected. Poly R-478 proved useful for selecting most white-rot fungi; however, some brown-rot fungi also reacted positively in these tests. Further studies on the pathways and mechanisms of dye decolorization by brown-rot fungi are recommended. Key words: brown rot, white rot, polymeric dyes, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase.

Decay of date palm wood by white-rot and brown-rot fungi

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Adaskaveg ◽  
R. A. Blanchette ◽  
R. L. Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Selective Delignification

Wood from trunks of Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) was decayed for 12 weeks with white-rot fungi (Ganoderma colossum, G. zonatum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Scytinostroma galactinum, or Trametes versicolor) or brown-rot fungi (Wolfiporia cocos, Gloeophyllum trabeum, or Fomitopsis pinicola). Using the vermiculite-block assay, white-rot fungi caused significantly more weight loss (63%) than brown-rot fungi (32%). Of the white-rot fungi, G. colossum caused the greatest weight loss (81%), while S. galactinum caused the least (36%). In contrast, weight loss caused by the brown-rot fungi was similar. Chemical analyses indicated that both white-rot and brown-rot fungi caused losses of starch, holocellulose, and lignin. White-rot fungi, however, removed greater amounts of lignin than the brown-rot fungi with three species, S. galactinum, P. chrysosporium, and G. zonatum, causing selective delignification. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that phloem and parenchyma cells were more susceptible to decay than xylem and fiber cells. Starch grains were degraded by all fungi and were nearly removed in wood decayed by G. colossum. In wood decayed by white-rot fungi, cell walls were eroded and middle lamellae were degraded. Selective delignification was observed in fibers adjacent to vascular tissue in wood decayed by the three white-rot fungi. In wood decayed by brown-rot fungi, walls of ground parenchyma and vascular bundle cells were swollen and fragmented when physically disrupted. In wood decayed by F. pinicola, some cell walls were nearly disintegrated. Key words: selective delignification, simultaneous decay, ultrastructure.

scholarly journals The decomposition of wood mass under conditions of climax spruce stands and related mycoflora in the Krkonoše Mountains

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Janovský ◽  
A. Vágner ◽  
J. Apltauer
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Spruce Stands

The mycoflora was investigated under the conditions of climax spruce stands in the Krkonoše Mountains in relation to wood decomposition. The areas under observation have been affected more or less by air pollution since the eighties. The average mass of deadwood found on the plots is 124 m<sup>3</sup> per ha – the mass of fallen trunks is about 32 m3 per ha, mean value from total average. About 128 species of macrofungi were identified that besides others included 43 species of wood-decaying fungi. Also 54 mycorrhizal species were identified. Among the mycorrhizal fungi about 10 species were dominant, such as Laccaria laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Cooke, Lactarius helvus Fr., Lactarius mitissimus Fr., Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr., Russula emetica (Schaeff.: Fr.) Pers. and Russula ochroleuca Pers. etc. Concerning the volume of decomposed wood on monitored plots in climax spruce stands, the prevalent wood-decaying fungi are brown rot fungi. The proportion of brown rot fungi in wood decomposition is 60–95% of deadwood mass on the plots of climax spruce stands. A dominant species is Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) P. Karst. causing the brown rot. Concerning the group of white rot fungi, the most important is Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. &amp; Schw.: Fr.) Fr., participating by 17% in wood decomposition on plots damaged by deer.

Condensed conifer tannins as antifungal agents in liquid culture

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Kaisa Anttila ◽  
Anna Maria Pirttilä ◽  
Hely Häggman ◽  
Anni Harju ◽  
Martti Venäläinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi

Abstract In the last decades, many wood preservatives have been prohibited for their ecotoxicity. The present article is focusing on the conifer-derived condensed tannins as environment-friendly options for the substitution of artificial wood preservatives. Eight different tannin fractions were extracted from spruce cones, spruce barks, and pine cones. The parameters of tannin extraction, such as the methods of purification and concentration of active components in the extracts, have been investigated. The cone and bark extracts were tested for the growth inhibition of eight brown-rot fungi, three white-rot fungi, and four soft-rot fungi in liquid cultures. The cone tannins provided a more efficient fungal growth inhibition than bark tannins. Purification increased the antifungal properties of the extracts. The growth of brown-rot fungi was inhibited by the tannins already at low concentrations. However, the extracts were not effective against the white-rot or soft-rot fungi. More investigation is needed concerning the tannin source and the purification procedure of the extracts before tannins can be considered as an ecologically benign wood preservative.

Variation in germination percentage of basidiospores collected successively from wood decay fungi in culture

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Schmidt ◽  
D. W. French
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Successive collections of basidiospores, produced in culture from the same hymenial areas of four species of wood decay fungi, were tested for spore germination percentage on malt extract agar under controlled conditions. Spores from white rot fungi retained high germination levels after 5 weeks of spore production, but germination averages for brown rot fungi decreased by more than 50%. Such variation should be considered in wood pathology research using spore germination bioassay.

Iron and calcium translocation from pure gypsum and iron-amended gypsum by two brown rot fungi and a white rot fungus

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Schilling ◽  
Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Irpex Lacteus ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Ca Oxalate ◽  
Iron And Calcium

AbstractWood-degrading fungi commonly grow in contact with calcium (Ca)-containing building materials and may import Ca and iron (Fe) from soil into forest woody debris. For brown rot fungi, imported Ca2+may neutralize oxalate, while Fe3+may facilitate Fenton-based degradation mechanisms. We previously demonstrated, in two independent trials, that degradation of spruce by wood-degrading fungi was not promoted when Ca or Fe were imported from gypsum or metallic Fe, respectively. Here, we tested pine wood with lower endogenous Ca than the spruce blocks used in prior experiments, and included a pure gypsum treatment and one amended with 1% with FeSO4. Electron microscopy with microanalysis verified that brown rot fungiSerpula himantioidesandGloeophyllum trabeumand the white rot fungusIrpex lacteusgrew on gypsum and produced iron-free Ca-oxalate crystals away from the gypsum surface. Wood cation analysis verified significant Fe import by both brown rot isolates in Fe-containing treatments. Wood degradation was highest in Fe-gypsum-containing treatments for all three fungi, although only wood degraded byI. lacteushad significant Ca import. We suggest that Fe impurities may not exacerbate brown rot, and that both brown and white rot fungi may utilize Ca-containing materials.

Efficacy of Pinosylvins against White-Rot and Brown-Rot Fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine C. Celimene ◽  
Jessie A. Micales ◽  
Leslie Ferge ◽  
Raymond A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Agar Media

Summary Three stilbenes, pinosylvin (PS), pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSM) and pinosylvin dimethyl ether (PSD), were extracted from white spruce (Picea glauca), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), and red pine (Pinus resinosa) pine cones, and their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic and chromatographic (HPLC, GC/MS, NMR and FTIR) analysis. PS, PSM, PSD or a 1:1:1 mixture of these stilbenes at concentrations of 0.1 % and 1.0 % were examined for their fungal inhibitory activity by two bioassay methods. Growth of white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium), and brown-rot fungi (Neolentinus lepideus, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta) on agar media in the presence of each of the stilbenes or a 1:1:1 mixture inhibited growth of white-rot fungi, but slightly stimulated growth of brown-rot fungi. Soil-block assays, conditions more representative of those found in nature, did not correlate with those from the screening on agar media. PS, PSM, PSD or a 1:1:1 mixture of the three compounds at concentrations of 0.1 % and 1.0 % did not impart any significant decay resistance to white-rot fungi inoculated on a hardwood (Red maple). However under the same conditions, decay resistance was observed against brown-rot fungi on a softwood (Southern yellow pine). It appears that stilbenes at least partially contribute to wood decay resistance against brown-rot fungi.

scholarly journals Samanlarda Biyolojik Muamelelerle Lignoselüloz Kompleksin Sindirilebilirliğinin Artırılması

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
pp. 1704
Author(s):  
Aydan Atalar ◽  
Nurcan Çetinkaya
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi

The efforts to break down the lignocellulosic complex found in the cell wall of straws, besides digestible cellulose and hemicellulose by rumen fermentation, improvement of straw digestibility by the degradation of indigestible lignin fraction of complex by using of biotechnological methods is one of the focus areas of animal nutritionists in recent years. Biological method sare prefer redover other methods due to the environmental friendliness. In the biological treatment methods of lignocellulosic complex, biodiversity of bacteria, enzymes and fungi gives opportunity to select lignin degrading species. Mycobacterium, Arthrobacter and Flavobacterium genre bacteria are used to degrade lignin by bacterial treatment. Lignocellulolytic enzymes isolated from different varieties of fungi are used in enzyme treatment. There are 3 genres of fungus that are white, Brown and soft rot in fungal treatments. Brown rot fungi prefer ably attack cellulose and hemicelluloses, but not lignin. White rot fungi attack the lignin and break up lignol bonds and aromatic ring. White rot fungi break down polysaccharides with hydrolytic enzymes such as cellulase, xylanase, and lignin with oxidative ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase and laccase. Because of the fact that the microorganisms that can break down the lignocellulosic materials are the fungi and the cost is low, the application of white rot fungi is possible. In this paper, improvement the lignocellulosic comlex digestibility of straw by biological treatment with the advantage of biodiversity is discussed.

Mineralization of alachlor by lignin-degrading fungi

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Ferrey ◽  
William C. Koskinen ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette ◽  
Todd A. Burnes
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Wood Substrate ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Ceriporiopsis Subvermispora ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

White rot fungi were able to mineralize the aromatic ring carbon of alachlor to CO2. After 122 days, 14 and 12% of the alachlor that was initially present in malt extract cultures supplemented with a wood substrate was mineralized at room temperature by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Phlebia tremellosa, respectively. Although Phanerochaete chrysosporium mineralized alachlor at 25 °C, it did so more slowly than the other two white rot fungi. The brown rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola did not mineralize alachlor.Key words: alachlor, mineralization, white rot fungi, pesticide.

Synergistic effect of mixed fungal pretreatment on thermogravimetric characteristics of rice straw

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 3978-3990
Author(s):  
Meng Li ◽  
Zhinan Wang ◽  
Jin Sun ◽  
Wanjuan Chen ◽  
Xianfeng Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Fungal Pretreatment ◽  
Before And After

The thermogravimetric properties and chemical characterization of rice straw (RS) pretreated by mixed culture of white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) and brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum (G. trabeum) were investigated. The mixed fungal pretreatment showed a synergistic effect, which resulted in an energy-efficient pyrolysis of pretreated rice straw. The differences in thermochemical conversion of rice straw before and after fungal pretreatment were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) method. Furthermore, the pretreated samples were also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to illuminate the changes in chemical composition and pyrolysis behavior. Compared to single fungal pretreatment, the mixed fungal pretreatment worked better and exhibited great potential in biomass pyrolysis.

Changes of EPR Spectra of Wood Impregnated with Copper-Based Preservatives during Exposure to Several Wood-Rotting Fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Humar ◽  
M. Petrič ◽  
F. Pohleven ◽  
M. Šentjurc ◽  
P. Kalan
Keyword(s):  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Copper Oxalate ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Electron Paramagnetic

SummaryThe tolerance of various fungi against copper was examined. For this purpose, we impregnated Norway spruce (Picea abies) specimens with two different aqueous solutions: copper(II) octanoate with ethanolamine or copper(II) sulfate (cCu= 1.0 × 10−2mol/l). Impregnated and unimpregnated test specimens were then exposed to brown rot fungiAntrodia vaillantiiandGloeophyllum trabeumor to white-rot fungiSchizophyllum communeandTrametes versicolor. After 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks of exposure Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and mass loss measurements were performed. The results indicate thatA. vaillantii, G. trabeumandT. versicolortransform copper(II) sulfate in wood into non-soluble, and therefore non-toxic, copper oxalate. The intensity of this reaction depends on the amount of excreted oxalic acid and was the highest forA. vaillantiiand the lowest forT. versicolor. In the presence of ethanolamine, formation of insoluble copper oxalate was not possible and therefore, decay could not proceed. The major portion of copper remained in the wood and only minor amounts were in some cases translocated into nutrient media.

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