FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN THE HYPOTHERMIC RAT

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Sodium Plasma

Further observations on metabolic alterations in fasted rats cooled under ice to rectal temperatures approximating 15 °C are reported. In the hypothermic rats, metabolism of injected lactic acid does not appear to be impaired. There is however: increased concentration of inorganic phosphorus in blood but not in liver; increased concentration of glutathione in liver but not in blood; increased plasma chloride concentration; decreased red cell potassium concentration; increased red cell water content; decreased plasma water content. Hypothermia, under these conditions, did not alter concentrations of liver acid-extractable glycogen, red cell sodium, plasma sodium, plasma potassium, nor serum calcium. Administration of urea in saline prior to cooling elevated plasma sodium and potassium concentrations in hypothermic rats. These observations are discussed in relation to previously reported effects of hypothermia on carbohydrate metabolite levels.

The concentrations of urea, phosphorus, sodium, and other constituents in the blood of steers intensively finished on high-grain rations

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (36) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
RJW Gartner ◽  
JG Morris ◽  
Patricia M Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The concentrations of urea, inorganic phosphorus, haemoglobin, plasma chloride, sodium, and potassium and the packed cell volume were determined on samples of blood from 70 Hereford steers that had been intensively finished on high-grain rations based on either wheat, barley, or sorghum grain. Oaten chaff was used as the roughage and half the steers had free access to sodium chloride. The inorganic phosphorus levels of 6.5 to 7.1 mg/100 m1 of blood were higher than those recorded in grazing cattle and were significantly different for the grain types. Blood urea levels were affected by roughage level, grain types, and access to sodium chloride. Plasma sodium but not chloride was affected by the type of grain and by sodium chloride.

Effect of Thermal Acclimation and Sublethal Heat Shock Upon Ionic Regulation in the Goldfish, Carassius auratus L.

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1455-1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Anne Heinicke ◽  
A. H. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Thermal Acclimation ◽  
Transient Condition ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Plasma Chloride

Goldfish acclimated to 20 and 30 C exhibited no significant differences in plasma sodium level, tissue chloride, potassium and water content, and chloride space. Plasma chloride varied inversely and plasma potassium directly with temperature. Tissue sodium levels tended to be slightly lower at the higher acclimation temperature. The shock response following abrupt transfer from 20 to 30 C was characterized by a complex sequence of changes in water–electrolyte balance. Following a lag period plasma chloride rose sharply, peaking some 48 hr after transfer, and subsequently declining. Plasma sodium varied in substantially similar fashion. Changes in plasma sodium/chloride ratio suggested the possible occurrence of a transient condition of alkalosis following thermal shock. Plasma potassium levels increased rapidly, and appeared to stabilize within 24 hr. By contrast, little variation in tissue levels of sodium, potassium, and chloride was observed. Tissue water content, on the other hand, tended to increase steadily for several days after transfer. Changes in chloride space suggested that an increase in extracellular phase volume, in part at the expense of the cellular fluids, accompanied thermal shock. It is concluded that while thermal shock induces marked initial deviations in iono- and osmoregulatory ability the goldfish can, during the acclimatory process, carry out compensatory changes in regulatory activities which permit restoration of virtually the original ionic status. Possible mechanisms underlying the shock and acclimatory responses are discussed, and the bearing of studies of this general type upon the estimation of thermal acclimation rates is considered.

Acute subtraction alkalosis from gastric juice loss in dogs

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared J. Grantham ◽  
Paul R. Schloerb
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Juice ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Total Body

The clinical syndrome of acute metabolic alkalosis secondary to pyloric obstruction and vomiting was simulated in 50 dogs by draining gastric juice through a cannula gastrostomy. This study was designed to quantify changes in body electrolyte and water utilizing radioisotope-dilution methods. Total body chloride decreased 43% with good correlation between the decrease in plasma chloride concentration and the decrease in total body chloride. Body sodium decreased 21% with no change in plasma sodium concentration. Body potassium decreased 20% but was not significantly related to the decrease in plasma potassium concentration. A highly significant correlation was obtained between plasma potassium and the product of blood hydrogen and intracellular potassium content. Intracellular pH (DMO) did not change significantly. Body water decreased 16% with isotonic loss of 169 mEq Na + K per liter body water. Sodium chloride solution alone corrected the alkalosis and acidified the urine. Potassium administration was necessary to prevent hypokalemia and aggravation of the cellular potassium deficit during rehydration. This study helps clarify the differences in body composition between the acute alkalosis of gastric juice loss and the alkalosis resulting from prolonged potassium depletion, sodium loading, and excess adrenocorticosteroid administration.

Red Cell and plasma sodium and potassium changes in the San Diego pocket mouse during hibernation

1965 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
William DeW. Andrus ◽  
Stuart E. Starr ◽  
Richard R. Strathmann
Keyword(s):  
San Diego ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Pocket Mouse ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

RENAL CLEARANCE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN HYPOTHERMIA

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Kanter
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Respiration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Clearance Ratio ◽  
Control Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The handling of sodium and potassium by the renal tubules at various levels of hypothermia was studied. Fourteen dogs were anesthetized with 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. After suitable control clearance measurements, the rectal temperature was lowered progressively by ice-packing to about 25 °C while renal clearances were continuously measured. Artificial respiration was not used. No change in plasma sodium was detected but plasma potassium fell significantly from a control value of 4.1 ± 0.09 meq/1. at 38 °C to 3.4 ± 0.12 meq/1. at 25 °C. Urine sodium concentration fell during exposure to cold while potassium concentration increased slightly. In spite of the marked fall in glomerular nitration rate (69.0 ± 3.1 ml/minute control to 17.0 ± 3.6 ml/minute at 25 °C) the final urine flow at 25 °C was slightly greater than that of control. The clearance ratios (in percentage) increased significantly, reflecting the marked decrease in tubular reabsorption: water, 0.49 ± 0.05 at 38 °C to 2.02 ± 0.25 at 25 °C; sodium, 0.47 ± 0.12 to 1.13 ± 0.27; potassium, 18.0 ± 2.6 to 54.0 ± 12.0. The difference in clearance ratio alterations is a reflection of the dissimilar effect of hypothermia on particular renal regulations.

Cation content of salt gland secretion and tears in the brolga, Grus rubicundus (Perry) (Aves : Gruidae)

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Hughes ◽  
JG Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Salt Gland ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Gland Secretion ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
First Report ◽  
Gland Size ◽  
Cation Content ◽  
Salt Gland Secretion ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

This is the first report of salt gland secretion in cranes (Gruidae). The sodium and potassium concentrations of the plasma, tears, salt gland secretion, and urine of the brolga were determined. Tear sodium was equal to plasma sodium; tear plasma was four times as concentrated as plasma potassium. These values were normal for tears. The salt gland secretion sodium concentration (about 300 m-equivll) was lower than that reported for other NaC1-injected birds. This may be due to the diet, small gland size, or to insufficient stress. The salt gland secretion to plasma ratios were the same for sodium and potassium. This is unusual. The urine had a lower sodium concentration than the plasma.

THE EFFECT OF MUSCULAR EXERCISE ON PLASMA SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN THE RAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Sréter ◽  
Sydney M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Preliminary Training ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

After running a distance of 100 meters in 7 minutes, untrained rats showed a rise in plasma potassium and a fall in plasma sodium as measured in tail vein samples. These changes are in accord with in vitro observations of the effects of exercise on isolated muscle preparations and similarly are taken to indicate a gain of sodium and a loss of potassium by the exercised muscles in the whole animal. Within 10 minutes of completion of the exercise, plasma sodium concentration was restored to normal while potassium was restored within 20 minutes. Exercise was accompanied by a fall in haematocrit, which remained low for up to 40 minutes. A period of 2 months of preliminary training modified the response to exercise. In these trained animals, a fall in sodium concentration occurred as before but the rise in potassium concentration was less in degree and the haematocrit did not change. It is suggested that the rate of increase of plasma potassium is an index of muscle efficiency while the height of plasma potassium is correlated with the fatigue limit of exercise.

Effects of sodium and potassium salts with anions other than chloride on renin secretion in the dog

1978 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. F10-F15
Author(s):  
G. A. Stephens ◽  
J. O. Davis ◽  
R. H. Freeman ◽  
B. E. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Renin Secretion ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Venous Plasma

Intrarenal arterial infusions of sodium and potassium salts with anions other than chloride were given to evaluate the role of the chloride ion in influencing renin secretion (RS). The studies were conducted in dogs with thoracic caval constriction. Sodium lactate increased renal venous plasma sodium concentration (RVPNa) from 142 to 166 meq/liter (n, 6); RS decreased from 3,070 to 1,510 ng angiotensin/min (P less than 0.005). Arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow were not changed appreciably. Sodium excretion (ENa) increased, whereas chloride excretion (EC1) fell during the first three 15-min infusion periods. Potassium lactate increased renal venous plasma potassium concentration from 4.1 to 6.2 meq/liter (N, b). RS decreased during the first three 15-min periods of infusion (from 3,470 to 2,180 ng angiotensin/min, P less than 0.01). ENa and EC1 increased during the infusion. Potassium sulfate also decreased RS, and EC1 was usually increased. The results with sodium lactate favor a role for sodium compared with chloride in mediating the decreased renin release, but there are other possible interpretations which have been discussed. Additional studies are needed to resolve the role of chloride during potassium infusion.

scholarly journals Chloride Balance in Preterm Infants during the First Week of Life

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Iacobelli ◽  
Elsa Kermorvant-Duchemin ◽  
Francesco Bonsante ◽  
Alexandre Lapillonne ◽  
Jean-Bernard Gouyon
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Neurological Outcome ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
High Chloride

Objective. To describe the chloride balance in infants born 25–32-week gestation, analyze the association of chloride changes with hydroelectrolytic status and their relationship with perinatal conditions, morbidities, and neurological outcome.Methods. For 7 days after birth, sodium and chloride balance, plasma potassium, phosphate, and total carbon dioxide (tCO2) were prospectively determined and strong ion difference (SID) calculated. Three multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with high plasma chloride concentration, low SID, and low tCO2.Results. 107 infants were studied. Plasma chloride concentration was significantly positively associated with plasma sodium concentration. Higher plasma chloride and lower SID were significantly associated with lower plasma tCO2. Chloride intake was the main independent factor associated with high plasma chloride, low SID, and low plasma tCO2, with lesser contribution of sodium intake and low gestational age (GA). Also, patent ductus arteriosus and birth weight loss were independent factors affecting plasma chloride and SID. Neither high chloride levels nor low SID were associated to impaired neurological outcome.Conclusions. In preterm infants, chloride balance is influenced by GA and by interrelationship between sodium and chloride intake. High chloride levels are associated with metabolic acidosis but not related to increased risk of impaired neurological outcome.

Ecophysiology and Mercury Accumulation of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) When Exposed to Mercury in Various Concentrations of Chloride

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 710-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Z. Walczak ◽  
U. Theodore Hammer ◽  
P. Ming Huang
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Mercury Accumulation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Plasma Sodium Level ◽  
White Blood Cell Counts ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) mortality was 100% when exposed to HgCl2 (2–10 μg∙Hg2+∙L−1) for 14 d in a natural low chloride medium. There was no mortality if the medium contained 100, 200, or 400 mg Cl−∙L−1 or more. Accumulation of mercury was highest in kidneys (0.65–13 μg∙g−1), spleen (0.31–4.2), gills (0.46–4.15), and liver (0.53–2.1) but accumulations differed for periods of exposure (14 or 42 d) and chloride concentration in the medium (100 or 200 mg Cl−∙L−1). In rainbow trout exposed to HgCl2 for 42 d, there were significant increases in plasma sodium level at 200 mg Cl−∙L−1 and significant decreases in plasma potassium, albumin, α1-globulin, and β-globulin levels in 100 mg Cl−∙L−1. No significant changes occurred in these parameters at other chloride concentrations or in erythrocytes, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, white blood cell counts, or chloride plasma levels. Although chloride concentrations in the media affect mercury accumulation by different organs as well as affecting physiological functions, there appears to be no direct relationship except for reduced mortality.

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