Effect of Thermal Acclimation and Sublethal Heat Shock Upon Ionic Regulation in the Goldfish, Carassius auratus L.

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1455-1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Anne Heinicke ◽  
A. H. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Thermal Acclimation ◽  
Transient Condition ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Plasma Chloride

Goldfish acclimated to 20 and 30 C exhibited no significant differences in plasma sodium level, tissue chloride, potassium and water content, and chloride space. Plasma chloride varied inversely and plasma potassium directly with temperature. Tissue sodium levels tended to be slightly lower at the higher acclimation temperature. The shock response following abrupt transfer from 20 to 30 C was characterized by a complex sequence of changes in water–electrolyte balance. Following a lag period plasma chloride rose sharply, peaking some 48 hr after transfer, and subsequently declining. Plasma sodium varied in substantially similar fashion. Changes in plasma sodium/chloride ratio suggested the possible occurrence of a transient condition of alkalosis following thermal shock. Plasma potassium levels increased rapidly, and appeared to stabilize within 24 hr. By contrast, little variation in tissue levels of sodium, potassium, and chloride was observed. Tissue water content, on the other hand, tended to increase steadily for several days after transfer. Changes in chloride space suggested that an increase in extracellular phase volume, in part at the expense of the cellular fluids, accompanied thermal shock. It is concluded that while thermal shock induces marked initial deviations in iono- and osmoregulatory ability the goldfish can, during the acclimatory process, carry out compensatory changes in regulatory activities which permit restoration of virtually the original ionic status. Possible mechanisms underlying the shock and acclimatory responses are discussed, and the bearing of studies of this general type upon the estimation of thermal acclimation rates is considered.

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN THE HYPOTHERMIC RAT

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Sodium Plasma

Further observations on metabolic alterations in fasted rats cooled under ice to rectal temperatures approximating 15 °C are reported. In the hypothermic rats, metabolism of injected lactic acid does not appear to be impaired. There is however: increased concentration of inorganic phosphorus in blood but not in liver; increased concentration of glutathione in liver but not in blood; increased plasma chloride concentration; decreased red cell potassium concentration; increased red cell water content; decreased plasma water content. Hypothermia, under these conditions, did not alter concentrations of liver acid-extractable glycogen, red cell sodium, plasma sodium, plasma potassium, nor serum calcium. Administration of urea in saline prior to cooling elevated plasma sodium and potassium concentrations in hypothermic rats. These observations are discussed in relation to previously reported effects of hypothermia on carbohydrate metabolite levels.

Forebrain control of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and angiotensin sensitivity in rabbit

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (5) ◽  
pp. R372-R376 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Fink ◽  
W. J. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
Discrete Area

A small discrete area near the optic recess of the anterior ventral third ventricle (AV3V) in the rat brain has been shown to be an important mediator of cardiovascular and dipsogenic response to angiotensin II and osmotic stimuli and to be involved in normal day-to-day regulation of water and electrolyte balance. However, no attempt has been made until now to explore the function of the AV3V in species other than the rat. In the present study, rabbits subjected to electrolytic lesion of the AV3V exhibited expanded plasma volume and plasma sodium concentration, and significantly attenuated pressor responses to angiotensin II and hypertonic sodium chloride solutions injected via the lateral ventricles. Resting arterial pressure, plasma potassium concentration, extracellular fluid volume, and pressor responses to intravenous angiotensin II were not changed by lesioning. Thus, the effects of AV3V lesions in rabbits are similar, but not identical, to those previously observed in rats. Rabbits should be a suitable species in which to carry out studies aimed at distinguishing central and peripheral cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II.

scholarly journals Effects of a 24-h naproxen dose on hydration and electrolyte measures during moderate-intensity cycling in the heat

FACETS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 819-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn M. Emerson ◽  
Toni M. Torres-McGehee ◽  
J. Mark Davis ◽  
Stephen C.L. Chen ◽  
J. Larry Durstine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urine Volume ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs

Few controlled laboratory studies have examined the negative effects non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can have on fluid–electrolyte balance during exercise. Our objective was to determine whether a 24-h naproxen dose negatively affected hydration and electrolyte measures before, during, and 3 h after 90 min of cycling in a hot or ambient environment. Using a double blind, randomized and counterbalanced cross-over design, 11 volunteers (six male, five female) completed four trials, with conditions as follows: (1) placebo and ambient, (2) placebo and heat, (3) naproxen and ambient, and (4) naproxen and heat. We found no statistically significant differences among experimental conditions for any dependent measures. Though not statistically significant, mean fluid volume was higher and urine volume was lower during naproxen trials compared with placebos. Mean aggregate plasma sodium was <135 mmol/L at all time points and did not significantly change over time. Overall plasma potassium significantly increased pre- (3.9 ± 0.4) to post-exercise (4.2 ± 0.4 mmol/L, p = 0.02). In conclusion, an acute naproxen dose did not significantly alter hydration–electrolyte balance. The trend for naproxen to increase fluid volume and decrease urine volume suggests the start of fluid retention, which should concern individuals at risk for hyponatremia or with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions.

Acute subtraction alkalosis from gastric juice loss in dogs

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared J. Grantham ◽  
Paul R. Schloerb
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Juice ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Total Body

The clinical syndrome of acute metabolic alkalosis secondary to pyloric obstruction and vomiting was simulated in 50 dogs by draining gastric juice through a cannula gastrostomy. This study was designed to quantify changes in body electrolyte and water utilizing radioisotope-dilution methods. Total body chloride decreased 43% with good correlation between the decrease in plasma chloride concentration and the decrease in total body chloride. Body sodium decreased 21% with no change in plasma sodium concentration. Body potassium decreased 20% but was not significantly related to the decrease in plasma potassium concentration. A highly significant correlation was obtained between plasma potassium and the product of blood hydrogen and intracellular potassium content. Intracellular pH (DMO) did not change significantly. Body water decreased 16% with isotonic loss of 169 mEq Na + K per liter body water. Sodium chloride solution alone corrected the alkalosis and acidified the urine. Potassium administration was necessary to prevent hypokalemia and aggravation of the cellular potassium deficit during rehydration. This study helps clarify the differences in body composition between the acute alkalosis of gastric juice loss and the alkalosis resulting from prolonged potassium depletion, sodium loading, and excess adrenocorticosteroid administration.

Body Fluid Regulation in Smolting Atlantic Salmon

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1355-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Houston ◽  
Lawrence T. Threadgold
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Fluid Regulation ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Tissue Fluids ◽  
Body Fluid Regulation

Parr–smolt metamorphosis in yearling Atlantic salmon was accompanied by variations in plasma and tissue electrolyte levels, and in tissue water distribution. Plasma chloride declined sharply with the onset of smoltification, but recovered to values somewhat higher than those seen in parr with the attainment of the silvery parr stage. Some decrease, with no evidence of a secondary increase, was observed in tissue chloride concentrations. Changes in chloride space values suggested that parr–smolt metamorphosis is also characterized by a shift of tissue fluids from the extracellular to the cellular phase. These variations in water–electrolyte balance are thought to reflect a premigratory activation and secondary suppression of the extrarenal salt excretion systems employed for osmotic and ionic regulation in sea water. Their occurrence in fish estimated upon the basis of morphological characters to be large parr suggests that the metamorphic process may occur earlier in the life cycle of this species than is generally recognized.

scholarly journals Isoflurane in Contrast to Propofol Promotes Fluid Extravasation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Pigs

2013 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hege Kristin Brekke ◽  
Stig Morten Hammersborg ◽  
Steinar Lundemoen ◽  
Arve Mongstad ◽  
Venny Lise Kvalheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Outcome Analysis ◽  
Tissue Water Content ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Edema Formation ◽  
Fluid Extravasation ◽  
Isoflurane Anesthesia ◽  
Total Tissue

Abstract Background: A highly positive intraoperative fluid balance should be prevented as it negatively impacts patient outcome. Analysis of volume-kinetics has identified an increase in interstitial fluid volume after crystalloid fluid loading during isoflurane anesthesia. Isoflurane has also been associated with postoperative hypoxemia and may be associated with an increase in alveolar epithelial permeability, edema formation, and hindered oxygen exchange. In this article, the authors compare fluid extravasation rates before and during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with isoflurane- versus propofol-based anesthesia. Methods: Fourteen pigs underwent 2 h of tepid CPB with propofol (P-group; n = 7) or isoflurane anesthesia (I-group; n = 7). Fluid requirements, plasma volume, colloid osmotic pressures in plasma and interstitial fluid, hematocrit levels, and total tissue water content were recorded, and fluid extravasation rates calculated. Results: Fluid extravasation rates increased in the I-group from the pre-CPB level of 0.27 (0.13) to 0.92 (0.36) ml·kg−1·min−1, but remained essentially unchanged in the P-group with significant between-group differences during CPB (pb = 0.002). The results are supported by corresponding changes in interstitial colloid osmotic pressure and total tissue water content. Conclusions: During CPB, isoflurane, in contrast to propofol, significantly contributes to a general increase in fluid shifts from the intravascular to the interstitial space with edema formation and a possible negative impact on postoperative organ function.

Water content of rat adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes in relation to cell size

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (5) ◽  
pp. 1568-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
M DiGirolamo ◽  
JL Owens
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Adipose Mass

Epididymal adipose tissue composition and adipocyte water content were studied in male rats during growth and development of spontaneous obesity. The data show that a highly significant positive correlation exists between fat-cell volume and intracellular water space (IWS) (r=.967, P less than .001). Intracellular water, expressed as picoliters per fat cell, varied from 1.5-2 in small fat cells (mean vol, 30-50 pl) to 9-10 in large cells (800-1,000 pl). When expressed as percent of fat-cell volume, IWS varied from 5-7% in the small fat cells to 1-1.3% in the large ones. Total adipose tissue water continued to increase with increasing adipose mass. Similarly, total adipocyte water increased with enlarging cell size and tissue mass. The contribution of total adipocyte water (as contrasted to that of nonadipocyte water) to total tissue water, however, was found to be limited (less than 23%) and to decline progressively with adipose mass expansion.

scholarly journals Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. McKenney ◽  
Kevin C. Miller ◽  
James E. Deal ◽  
Julie A. Garden-Robinson ◽  
Yeong S. Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration

Context: Twenty-five percent of athletic trainers administer pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Anecdotally, some clinicians provide multiple boluses of PJ during exercise but warn that repeated ingestion of PJ may cause hyperkalemia. To our knowledge, no researchers have examined the effect of ingesting multiple boluses of PJ on the same day or the effect of ingestion during exercise. Objective: To determine the short-term effects of ingesting a single bolus or multiple boluses of PJ on plasma variables and to characterize changes in plasma variables when individuals ingest PJ and resume exercise. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated men (age = 23 ± 4 years, height = 180.9 ± 5.8 cm, mass = 80.7 ± 13.8 kg, urine specific gravity = 1.009 ± 0.005). Intervention(s): On 3 days, participants rested for 30 minutes, and then a blood sample was collected. Participants ingested 0 or 1 bolus (1 mL·kg−1 body weight) of PJ, donned sweat suits, biked vigorously for 30 minutes (approximate temperature = 37°C, relative humidity = 18%), and had a blood sample collected. They either rested for 60 seconds (0- and 1-bolus conditions) or ingested a second 1 mL·kg−1 body weight bolus of PJ (2-bolus condition). They resumed exercise for another 35 minutes. A third blood sample was collected, and they exited the environmental chamber and rested for 60 minutes (approximate temperature = 21°C, relative humidity = 18%). Blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 minutes postexercise. Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume. Results: The number of PJ boluses ingested did not affect plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, or changes in plasma volume over time. The plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, and plasma osmolality did not exceed 144.6 mEq·L−1 (144.6 mmol·L−1), 4.98 mEq·L−1 (4.98 mmol·L−1), and 289.5 mOsm·kg−1H2O, respectively, in any condition at any time. Conclusions: Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ and resuming exercise caused negligible changes in blood variables. Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ did not increase plasma sodium concentration or cause hyperkalemia.

Detection of bark lesions caused by Phytophthoracinnamomi in Eucalyptusmarginata with the plant impedance ratio meter and the Shigometer

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1228-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna T. Tippett ◽  
Joanne L. Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Healthy Tissue ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Tissue Water Content ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Impedance Ratio ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Electrical Admittance

A new instrument, the plant impedance ratio meter (PIRM), has been used to determine the extent of lesions caused by Phytophthoracinnamomi Rands in Eucalyptusmarginata Sm. The performance of the PIRM, which measures electrical admittance (the inverse of impedance) of plant tissues at two frequencies (from which an impedance ratio is calculated), was evaluated and compared with that of the Shigometer. The electrical admittance measured at 1 and 10 kHz (PIRM) and the electrical resistance (Shigometer) of healthy tissue varied with both the depth of tissue probed and the water status of stems. However, the impedance ratios (calculated from the admittance values) remained relatively constant for healthy tissue and changes were independent of depth of probing. Hence, changes in ratios indicated a change in tissue condition or necrosis rather than changes in either tissue water content or depth of probing. The impedance ratios recorded for healthy bark tissues were consistently higher than those for the P. cinnamomi lesions in E. marginata. Trends in electrical resistance measured across the boundaries of the lesions with the Shigometer were variable depending on lesion age. The PIRM was used successfully to detect P. cinnamomi lesions in E. marinate and lesion fronts were predicted to an accuracy of ± 7.2 mm (n = 150), lesions being up to 1.0 m long at the time stems were harvested.

Effects of differential drying rates on viability retention of recalcitrant seeds of Ekebergia capensis

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. Pammenter ◽  
Valerie Greggains ◽  
J. I. Kioko ◽  
J. Wesley-Smith ◽  
Patricia Berjak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Exponential Function ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Recalcitrant Seeds ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Viability Loss ◽  
Drying Rates ◽  
Water Contents

AbstractThe drying rate of whole seeds of Ekebergia capensis (Meliaceae) was shown to influence the response to desiccation, with rapidly dried seeds surviving to lower water contents. Short-term rapid drying (to water contents higher than those leading to viability loss) actually increased the rate of germination. The form of the time course of decline of axis water content varied with drying rate; slow drying could be described by an exponential function, whereas with rapid drying initial water loss was faster than predicted by an exponential function. These observations suggest that slow drying brought about homogeneous dehydration and that the rapid drying was uneven across the tissue. This raised the possibility that the different responses to dehydration were a function of different distributions of water in the axis tissue under the two drying regimes. However, ultrastructural observations indicated that different deleterious processes may be occurring under the different drying treatments. It was tentatively concluded that a major cause of viability loss in slowly dried material was likely to be a consequence of aqueous-based processes leading to considerable membrane degradation. Uneven distribution of tissue water could not be rejected as a contributory cause of the survival of rapidly dried seeds to low bulk water contents. The differential response to dehydration at different drying rates implies that it is not possible to determine a ‘critical water content’ for viability loss by recalcitrant seeds.

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