LATITUDE EFFECT OF THE COSMIC RAY NUCLEON AND MESON COMPONENTS AT SEA LEVEL FROM THE ARCTIC TO THE ANTARCTIC

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 968-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Rose ◽  
K. B. Fenton ◽  
J. Katzman ◽  
J. A. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Geomagnetic Equator ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Latitude Effect ◽  
Nucleonic Component ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Eccentric Dipole

Results are presented of cosmic ray measurements taken at sea level during 1954–55 from the Arctic to the Antarctic. The equipment consisted of a neutron monitor and a meson telescope. Latitude effects of 1.77 for the nucleonic component and 1.15 for the meson component were measured. The longitude effect at the equator was much less than expected on the basis of the geomagnetic eccentric dipole and the longitude effect at intermediate northern latitudes shows that the longitude of the effective eccentric dipole is considerably west of that of the geomagnetic eccentric dipole. In a previous paper by the same authors, the positions of the equatorial minima were combined with other published cosmic ray measurements to calculate a new cosmic ray geomagnetic equator. In this paper new coordinates are derived on the assumption that these equatorial coordinates apply to a new eccentric dipole, and, therefore, that the equatorial coordinates may be extended to high latitudes. When the complete results are plotted on these coordinates, it is found that an eccentric dipole representation of the earth's magnetic field is inconsistent with the combined observations at all latitudes.

scholarly journals Analyzing ozone variations and uncertainties at high latitudes during Sudden Stratospheric Warming events using MERRA-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Bahramvash Shams ◽  
Von P. Walden ◽  
James W. Hannigan ◽  
William J. Randel ◽  
Irina V. Petropavlovskikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Stratospheric Warming ◽  
Sudden Stratospheric Warming ◽  
Total Column Ozone ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Stratospheric Dynamics ◽  
Zonal Average

Abstract. Stratospheric circulation is a critical part of the Arctic ozone cycle. Sudden stratospheric warming events (SSWs) manifest the strongest alteration of stratospheric dynamics. Changes in planetary wave propagation vigorously influence zonal mean zonal wind, temperature, and tracer concentrations in the stratosphere over the high latitudes. In this study, we examine six major SSWs from 2004 to 2020 using the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). Using the unique density of observations around the Greenland sector at high latitudes, we perform comprehensive comparisons of high latitude observations with the MERRA-2 ozone dataset during the six major SSWs. Our results show that MERRA-2 captures the high variability of mid stratospheric ozone fluctuations during SSWs over high latitudes. However, larger uncertainties are observed in the lower stratosphere and troposphere. The zonally averaged stratospheric ozone shows a dramatic increase of 9–29 % in total column ozone (TCO) near the time of each SSW, which lasts up to two months. The SSWs exhibit a more significant impact on ozone over high northern latitudes when the polar vortex is mostly elongated as seen in 2009 and 2018 compared to the events in which the polar vortex is displaced towards Europe. The regional impact of SSWs over Greenland has a similar structure as the zonal average, however, exhibits more intense ozone anomalies which is reflected by 15–37 % increase in TCO. The influence of SSW on mid stratospheric ozone levels persists longer than their impact on temperature. This paper is focused on the increased (suppressed) wave activity before (after) the SSWs and their impact on ozone variability at high latitudes. This includes an investigation of the different terms of tracer continuity using MERRA-2 parameters, which emphasizes the key role of vertical advection on mid-stratospheric ozone during the SSWs.

scholarly journals Atmospheric electricity in high latitudes

1905 ◽  
Vol 76 (508) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Atmospheric Electricity ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
The North ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
The Earth

The recent work of Elster and Geitel, Ebert and others, has added three new factors to the data for the study of atmospheric electricity, namely:— The rate at which the permanent charge on the surface of the earth is being dissipated into the atmosphere, the state of ionization of the air, and the amount of radio-active emanation in the lower regions of the atmosphere. These three factors have been carefully studied in the temperate zone. With the idea of extending our knowledge of them into the Arctic regions, I was granted permission by the Commissioners of the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship to undertake a year’s work in the Lapp village of Karasjok (69° 17' N.; 25° 35' E.; 129 metres above sea level, and about 200 miles south of the North Cape), The work undertaken consisted of the following:- 1. By means of a Benndorf self-registering electrometer to obtain daily curves of the potential gradient, and from these to calculate the yearly and daily variation. 2. To make systematic observations of the dissipation by means of Elster and Geitel’s instrument. 3. To make corresponding measurements of the ionization with Ebert’s apparatus. 4. To measure the amount of radio-active emanation in the atmosphere. 5. To investigate, as far as possible, the influence of the aurora on the electrical conditions of the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Study of individual pulses at the Antarctic high-altitude neutron monitor DOMC

2021 ◽  
pp. 173-176
Author(s):  
Markus Similä ◽  
Stepan Poluianov ◽  
Ilya Usoskin
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Times ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Waiting Time Distribution ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nucleonic Component ◽  
Counting Tube ◽  
The Antarctic

A pair of neutron monitors (NMs) is installed on the high Central Antarctic plateau, at the Concordia station (3200 m altitude) and measures the nucleonic component of nucleonic-muon-electromagnetic cascades in- duced by high-energy cosmic rays in the atmosphere. The installation includes two NMs: DOMC, a standard mini-NM, and a bare (lead-free) DOMB NM. The newly installed data acquisition (DAQ) system records in- dividual pulses corresponding to mostly neutrons in the detector’s counting tube. Here we analyze different types of pulses and study the distribution of the waiting times between individual pulses as well as the pulse height, recorded by the DOMC NM during a quiet period of January 2020. The distribution appears double- peaked with peaks corresponding to the frequency of individual atmospheric cascades and the intra-cascade variability, respectively. We discuss also the nature of different components contributing to the pulses and se - paration of the signal from noise. It is shown that the waiting-time distribution has distinguished timescales, >30 ms defined by the cosmic-ray induced atmospheric cascades, and < 10 ms reflecting the intra-cascade variability. The new DAQ system allows one to study the development of the atmospheric cascade.

Different Climatic Effects of the Arctic and Antarctic ice Covers on Land Surface Temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: Application of Liang-Kleeman Information Flow Method and CAM4.0

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunyu Jiang ◽  
Haibo HU ◽  
William Perrie ◽  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Haokun Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Flow Method ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract Ice covers in high latitudes play important role in the global atmospheric circulation and abnormal temperature distribution. The observations have revealed the differences in the interannual variability of the Arctic and Antarctic ice covers, but their respective climate effect is not clear. The Liang-Kleeman information flow method is used to reveal the causal relationships from the sea ices of the Arctic and Antarctic to the global air temperature. The results point out that changes of the Arctic or Antarctic sea ices both have significant impacts on the global air temperature. Especially for the air temperature in East Asia and North America, the interannual variation of the Antarctic sea ice has an even stronger impact than the Arctic ice covers. This causality is further proved by the General Atmospheric Circulation Model (CAM4.0). In the numerical experiments, the ice covers in Arctic and Antarctic are changed individually or simultaneously as the forcing fields, and then the respective climate effects are analyzed. The results show that both the Arctic and Antarctic ice cover variations can change the intensity of atmospheric baroclinic disturbance in mid-high latitudes of individual hemisphere, generating wave energy transmission across the equator in the meridional direction, and eventually causing air temperature anomalies in both hemispheres. Furthermore, the Antarctic ice covers are closer to the mid-high latitude atmospheric jets in the southern hemisphere. Therefore, the changes of Antarctic ice covers lead to a larger atmospheric wave-activity flux response, and quickly spread to the northern hemisphere, causing more significant temperature anomalies over the East Asia and North America.

THE GEOMAGNETIC LATITUDE EFFECT ON THE NUCLEON AND MESON COMPONENT OF COSMIC RAYS AT SEA LEVEL

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Rose ◽  
J. Katzman
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
North American ◽  
Geomagnetic Latitude ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Temperature Correction ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Primary Spectrum ◽  
The North

Measurements have been taken on the changes in intensity of the nucleon and meson components of cosmic rays during a cruise of the Canadian Naval Icebreaker Labrador into the Arctic, through the North West Passage, and circumnavigating the North American Continent. The geomagnetic latitudes covered extend from 18°N. to 89°N. The latitude knee is clearly shown at a geomagnetic latitude of about 52° in the case of the nucleon component and less definitely between 40° and 50° in the case of the meson component. The rigidity of particles arriving in a vertical direction at 52° is 2.1 Bv. and at 45° is 3.7 Bv. Meyer and Simpson have shown that changes in the primary spectrum between 1948 and 1954 probably extend up to these rigidities and such changes should, therefore, be observable at sea level. The longitude effect at low latitudes is clearly shown by differences in intensity between the measurements on the east and west sides of North America. In the case of the meson component, the magnitude of the longitude effect at these longitudes was found to be greater than that shown by Millikan and Neher in 1936. The interpretation of the meson component results above the knee is complicated by difficulties in temperature correction. In the case of the nucleon component, an apparent longitude effect exists above the knee in that there was a small difference in the intensity at high latitudes in the eastern and western parts of the North American Arctic. No satisfactory explanation is offered for this. The diurnal variation of the nucleon component at high latitudes is shown but no unusual features were found. Appreciation is expressed to the Royal Canadian Navy for making these measurements possible.

scholarly journals Assessment of 21 years of Arctic Ocean Absolute Sea Level Trends (1995–2015)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Ankjær Ludwigsen ◽  
Ole Baltazar Andersen ◽  
Stine Kildegaard Rose
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Steric Sea Level ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Data Coverage

Abstract. The Arctic Ocean is at the frontier of the fast changing climate in the northern latitudes. As the first study, we assess the different mass and steric components of the observed sea level trend from both absolute sea level (ASL) from altimetry and tide gauges, without using gravimetric observations from GRACE. This approach permits a longer time series and avoids problems with errors from leakage effects in GRACE-products. ASL is equal to mass-driven sea level added with steric sea level, while tide gauge based sea level are also corrected with novel estimates of vertical land movement. Calculations of the mass component from present-day deglaciation, shows that deglaciation rises Arctic sea level with more than 1 mm y−1, while the steric contribution is between −5 and 15 mm y−1 with large spatial variability, with the halosteric signal dominating the pattern. A dynamic mass contribution is derived from the Estimating Circulation and Climate of the Oceans (ECCO)-model (version 4 release 4), which varies between −1 and 2 mm y−1. The combined mass and steric product agrees (within uncertainty) with ASL-trends observed from altimetry in 99 % of the Arctic, although large uncertainties originate from poor data coverage in the steric data and large variability in the dynamic product. A comparison with ASL trends observed at tide gauges agrees with mass+steric at 11 of 12 tide gauge sites.

Remarks on the Latitude Effect of Cosmic Rays at Sea-Level

1950 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
HD Rathgeber
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Geiger Counter ◽  
Angle Distribution ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Latitude Effect ◽  
Counter Telescope ◽  
East West

During a recent voyage from Australia to Japan the intensity of cosmic rays was measured with several Geiger counter telescopes of different designs. The conclusions to be drawn from these and other results are presented in this paper. It is shown that the latitude effect at sea-level (averaged over all azimuths) is approximately proportional to cos2 1.2ζ, where ζ is the zenith angle of the incident radiation, and that the vertical latitude effect is 18 per cent. In general, the latitude effect depends both on zenith angle and azimuth. The phenomenological relationships of these intensity variations with the zenith angle distribution at two fixed locations, i.e. at high latitudes and at the equator, and with the east-west effect at the equator, are deduced. After correction for longitude and zenith angle, Geiger counter telescope and ionization measurements do not differ by more than their errors of measurements ; the average specific ionization does not vary with latitude. Qualitative explanations of the equality of the latitude effects for mesons and for electrons, as well as of the latitude effect of small extensive showers are given.

scholarly journals Paleoglaciology’s grand unsolved problem

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (138) ◽  
pp. 313-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail G. Grosswald ◽  
Terence J. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic System ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Unsolved Problem ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Arctic Ice ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractThe paleoglaciological concept that during the Pleistocene glacial hemi-cycles a super-large, structurally complex ice sheet developed in the Arctic and behaved as a single dynamic system. as the Antarctic ice sheet does today, has not yet been subjected to concerted studies designed to test the predictions of this concept. Yet, it may hold the keys to solutions of major problems of paleoglaciology, to understanding climate and sea-level changes. The Russian Arctic is the least-known region exposed to paleoglaciation by a hypothetical Arctic ice sheet but now it is more open to testing the concept. Implementation of these tests is a challenging task, as the region is extensive and the available data are controversial. Well-planned and coordinated field projects are needed today, as well as broad discussion of the known evidence, existing interpretations and new field results. Here we present the known evidence for paleoglaciation of the Russian Arctic continental shelf and reconstruct possible marine ice sheets that could have produced that evidence.

Climate contributions to Arctic coastal sea level change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Ankjær Ludwigsen ◽  
Stine Kildegaard Rose ◽  
Ole Baltazar Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Dynamic Mass ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Coastal Sea ◽  
Data Coverage

&lt;p&gt;The Arctic Ocean is at the frontier of the fast changing climate in the northern latitudes. As the first study, we assessthe different mass and steric components of the observed sea level trend from both absolute sea level (ASL) from altimetryand tide gauges, without using gravimetric observations from GRACE. This approach permits a longer time series and avoidsproblems with errors from leakage effects in GRACE-products. ASL is equal to mass-driven sea level added with steric sealevel, while tide gauge based sea level are also corrected with novel estimates of vertical land movement. Calculations of the5mass component from present-day deglaciation, shows that deglaciation rises Arctic sea level with more than 1 mm y&amp;#8722;1, whilethe steric contribution is between -5 and 15 mm y&amp;#8722;1 with large spatial variability, with the halosteric signal dominating thepattern. A dynamic mass contribution is derived from the Estimating Circulation and Climate of the Oceans (ECCO)-model(version 4 release 4), which varies between -1 and 2 mm y&amp;#8722;1. The combined mass and steric product agrees (within uncertainty)with ASL-trends observed from altimetry in 99% of the Arctic, although large uncertainties originate from poor data coverage in the steric data and large variability in the dynamic product. A comparison with ASL trends observed at tide gauges agreeswith mass+steric at 11 of 12 tide gauge sites.&lt;/p&gt;

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document