Prediction and mapping of landslide hazard

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien H Wu ◽  
Mohamed A Abdel-Latif
Keyword(s):  
Failure Probability ◽  
Landslide Hazard ◽  
Washington State ◽  
South Fork ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Cascade Mountains ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Site Investigations ◽  
Groundwater Response ◽  
Groundwater Hazard

The paper describes a mechanics-based methodology for prediction of landslide hazard on hillside slopes. The principal components are estimation of infiltration and groundwater response, and estimation of safety factor and failure probability. Predictions with the models are made by using the best estimates of the input parameters and the associated uncertainties. The uncertainties about the inputs and the sensitivities of the model outputs to uncertainties about the inputs are evaluated and translated into failure probability. Our objective was to provide a method that can be used to estimate landslide hazard over a large area prior to making detailed site investigations. The method was applied to slopes along the South Fork of Tilton River, in the Cascade Mountains of Washington State. Predicted hazards were compared with results of a landslide inventory. The data used in the examples were derived from published sources. However, the procedures developed are not limited to this condition and can readily incorporate additional information derived from more detailed investigations.Key words: failure probability, groundwater, hazard, landslides, mapping, slope stability.

Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-315
Author(s):  
G. Lehmpfuhl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Diffraction Spot ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

Introduction In electron microscopic investigations of crystalline specimens the direct observation of the electron diffraction pattern gives additional information about the specimen. The quality of this information depends on the quality of the crystals or the crystal area contributing to the diffraction pattern. By selected area diffraction in a conventional electron microscope, specimen areas as small as 1 µ in diameter can be investigated. It is well known that crystal areas of that size which must be thin enough (in the order of 1000 Å) for electron microscopic investigations are normally somewhat distorted by bending, or they are not homogeneous. Furthermore, the crystal surface is not well defined over such a large area. These are facts which cause reduction of information in the diffraction pattern. The intensity of a diffraction spot, for example, depends on the crystal thickness. If the thickness is not uniform over the investigated area, one observes an averaged intensity, so that the intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern cannot be used for an analysis unless additional information is available.

scholarly journals Regional landslide forecasting in Piemonte (Italy) and in Norway: experiences from 2013 late spring

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Tiranti ◽  
Graziella Devoli ◽  
Roberto Cremonini ◽  
Monica Sund ◽  
Søren Boje
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Landslide Hazard ◽  
Weather Type ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Weather System ◽  
Landslide Forecasting ◽  
Hazard Assessments

Abstract. A few countries in the world operate systematically national and regional forecasting services for rainfall-induced landslides (i.e. shallow landslides, debris flows and debris avalanches), among them: Norway and Italy. In Norway, the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) operates a landslide forecasting service at national level. A daily national hazard assessment is performed, describing both expected awareness level and type of landslide hazard for a selected warning region. In Italy, each administrative region has its own regional environmental agency (Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, ARPA) that is responsible of the daily landslide hazard assessments and emission of landslide warnings for one or more catchments within the region. One of these agencies, the ARPA Piemonte, is responsible for issuing landslide warnings for the Piemonte region, located in Northwestern Italy. Both services provide regular landslide hazard assessments founded on a combination of quantitative thresholds and daily rainfall forecasts together with qualitative expert analysis. Daily warning reports are published at http://www.arpa.piemonte.gov.it/rischinaturali and www.varsom.no. On spring 2013, the ARPA Piemonte, and the NVE issued warnings for hydro-meteorological hazards due to the arrival of a deep and large low-pressure system, called herein Vb cyclone. This kind of weather system is known to produce the largest floods in Europe. Less known is that the weather type can trigger landslides as well. In this study, we present the experiences acquired in late spring 2013 by NVE and ARPA Piemonte. From 27th April to 19nd May 2013, more than 400 mm rain in Piemonte caused severe floods and diffused landslides. In Norway, the same weather type lasted from 15th May to 2nd June 2013 and brought warm winds with high temperatures that caused intense snow melt over a large area, and brought a lot of rain in the Southeastern Norway, initiating large flood along Glomma river and several landslides. Floods and landslides produced significant damages to roads and railways along with buildings and other infrastructure in both countries.

scholarly journals Dendrochronological dating as the basis for developing a landslide hazard map – An example from the Western Carpathians, Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Łuszczyńska ◽  
Małgorzata Wistuba ◽  
Ireneusz Malik ◽  
Marek Krąpiec ◽  
Bartłomiej Szypuła
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Landslide Hazard ◽  
Hazard Map ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Landslide Activity ◽  
Landslide Event ◽  
Landslide Hazard Map

Abstract Most landslide hazard maps are developed on the basis of an area’s susceptibility to a landslide occurrence, but dendrochronological techniques allows one to develop maps based on past landslide activity. The aim of the study was to use dendrochronological techniques to develop a landslide hazard map for a large area, covering 3.75 km2. We collected cores from 131 trees growing on 46 sampling sites, measured tree-ring width, and dated growth eccentricity events (which occur when tree rings of different widths are formed on opposite sides of a trunk), recording the landslide events which had occurred over the previous several dozen years. Then, the number of landslide events per decade was calculated at every sampling site. We interpolated the values obtained, added layers with houses and roads, and developed a landslide hazard map. The map highlights areas which are potentially safe for existing buildings, roads and future development. The main advantage of a landslide hazard map developed on the basis of dendrochronological data is the possibility of acquiring long series of data on landslide activity over large areas at a relatively low cost. The main disadvantage is that the results obtained relate to the measurement of anatomical changes and the macroscopic characteristics of the ring structure occurring in the wood of tilted trees, and these factors merely provide indirect information about the time of the landslide event occurrence.

Assessment of landslide hazard under combined loading

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien H Wu
Keyword(s):  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Failure Probability ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Landslide Hazard ◽  
Combined Loading ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Root Reinforcement ◽  
Load Combination ◽  
Time Period ◽  
A Site

A method for assessing landslide hazard under combined loading is described. The loads are considered as pulses that occur randomly in time. The method accounts for the rate of occurrence and the duration of the loads and calculates the rate of coincidence of two or more loads. This is used to calculate the failure probability, which is equal to the probability that the load combination will exceed a threshold value during a given time period. The method was applied to a site in the Cascade Mountains of Washington. The loads considered include those as a result of gravity, pore pressure from infiltration of rainfall plus snowmelt, loss of root reinforcement through fire or logging, and earthquakes. The example demonstrates a rational approach that accounts for the properties of the loads and the different loading conditions that may be expected.Key words: earthquake, failure probability, landslide hazard, load coincidence, load combination, pore pressure, root reinforcement.

Phytoplankton assemblages in high-elevation lakes in the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington State USA

1998 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L. Larson ◽  
C. David McIntire ◽  
Robert E. Truitt ◽  
William J. Liss ◽  
Robert Hoffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Elevation ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Cascade Mountains ◽  
Phytoplankton Assemblages

Reliability Model of Series and Parallel Systems under Imperfect Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 204-208 ◽  
pp. 4932-4935
Author(s):  
Bin Suo ◽  
Chao Zeng ◽  
Yong Sheng Cheng ◽  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Failure Probability ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Evidence Theory ◽  
Parallel Systems ◽  
Probability Method ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Interval Method ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Interval Analysis Method ◽  
Reliability Calculation

In the situation that unit failure probability is imprecise when calculation the failure probability of system, classical probability method is not applicable, and the analysis result of interval method is coarse. To calculate the reliability of series and parallel systems in above situation, D-S evidence theory was used to represent the unit failure probability. Multi-sources information was fused, and belief and plausibility function were used to calculate the reliability of series and parallel systems by evidential reasoning. By this mean, lower and upper bounds of probability distribution of system failure probability were obtained. Simulation result shows that the proposed method is preferable to deal with the imprecise probability in reliability calculation, and can get additional information when compare with interval analysis method.

Genetic differentiation, diversity, and inbreeding in the mountain monkeyflower (Mimulus caespitosus) of the Washington Cascades

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 2017-2024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kermit Ritland
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Mountain Streams ◽  
Cascade Mountains ◽  
Postglacial Colonization ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Allozyme Loci ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance ◽  
Washington Cascades

Mimulus caespitosus is a stoloniferous yellow monkeyflower that grows in small, perennial mountain streams. Plants from 22 populations around the crest of the Cascade Mountains in Washington State were electrophoretically assayed for 15 allozyme loci. Expected heterozygosity within populations (H), a measure of genetic diversity, averaged 0.17 and was negatively correlated with northeastward aspect. No association of H with elevation or position upstream was detected. Wright's gene fixation F averaged 0.19, indicating 20–30% selfing, and was significantly heterogeneous among populations. Nei's genetic distance D averaged 0.072, significantly above average for conspecific populations, especially considering all populations were within 11 km. Populations from the same stream have lowest D, whereas populations from the same mountainside, mountain, and region show increasing values of D. Thus, gene flow is predominant along streams and a hierarchy of genetic relationships exists. It was expected that because this area was heavily glaciated during the Pleistocene, postglacial colonization by refugial populations would result in strong clusters of populations from adjacent streams sharing the same refugia. However, a dendrogram of genetic distances showed few statistically significant clusters of populations from different streams.

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