The Water-activity of Supersaturated Aqueous Solutions of NaCl, KCl, and K2SO4 at 25°C

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (20) ◽  
pp. 3133-3140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Lenzi ◽  
Tuong-Tu Tran ◽  
Tjoon-Tow Teng

Reverse application of the Reilly–Wood-Robinson and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson equations to the water-activity data of various ternary aqueous systems containing NaCl, KCl, K2SO4 as one of the components yields self-consistent estimates of the water-activity of binary aqueous supersaturated solutions of the individual salts; these can be further extended by curvilinear extrapolation to give: [Formula: see text] with A1 = −3.28806 × 10−2, A2 = 1.12512 × 10−4, A3 = −4.30034 × 10−4, A4 = 2.70506 × 10−5, A5 = 1.43435 × 10−6, A6 = 1.30209 ×10−7, A7 = −1.51941 × 10−8, A8 = 1.00520 × 10−9, A9 = −4.21593 × 10−10, A10 = 2.62532 × 10−11, valid to aw(NaCl) = 0.5422, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]with B1 = −3.21884 × 10−2, B2 = 9.77773 × 10−4, B3 = −6.05349 × 10−4, B4 = 1.18422 × 10−4, B5 = −7.91572 × 10−6, B6 = −3.88125 × 10−8, B7 = 1.55125 × 10−8, valid to aw(KCl) = 0.7115, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text] with C1 = −4.16810 × 10−2, C2 = 1.16033 × 10−2, C3 = −4.80543 × 10−3, C4 = 7.15536 x 10−4, valid to [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (16) ◽  
pp. 2626-2631 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sangster ◽  
T. T. Teng ◽  
F. Lenzi

Recently developed methods of predicting water activities of multicomponent aqueous solutions use binary data. At high concentrations these methods are limited inasmuch as they require binary data beyond the solubility limit of individual solutes. A method is proposed whereby ternary water activity data may be used to calculate water activities of supersaturated binary solutions. The new method is compared with two extrapolation procedures on a known system and gives the best agreement. Values of the water activities for supersaturated solutions of KNO3 (3.8 to 7.6 m) and K2SO4 (0.7 to 2.3 m) at 25 °C are obtained.


2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-168
Author(s):  
Silvia M. Calderón ◽  
Jussi Malila ◽  
Nønne L. Prisle

AbstractWe introduce the CMC based Ionic Surfactant Activity model (CISA) to calculate activity coefficients in ternary aqueous solutions of an ionic surfactant and an inorganic salt. The surfactant can be either anionic or cationic and in the present development, the surfactant and inorganic salts share a common counterion. CISA incorporates micellization into the Pitzer–Debye–Hückel (PDH) framework for activities of mixed electrolyte solutions. To reduce computing requirements, a parametrization of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is used to estimate the degree of micellization instead of explicit equilibrium calculations. For both binary and ternary systems, CISA only requires binary experimentally-based parameters to describe water–ion interactions and temperature–composition dependency of the CMC. The CISA model is intended in particular for atmospheric applications, where higher-order solution interaction parameters are typically not constrained by experiments and the description must be reliable across a wide range of compositions. We evaluate the model against experimental activity data for binary aqueous solutions of ionic surfactants sodium octanoate and sodium decanoate, as common components of atmospheric aerosols, and sodium dodecylsulfate, the most commonly used model compound for atmospheric surfactants. Capabilities of the CISA model to describe ternary systems are tested for the water–sodium decanoate–sodium chloride system, a common surrogate for marine background cloud condensation nuclei and to our knowledge the only atmospherically relevant system for which ternary activity data is available. For these systems, CISA is able to provide continuous predictions of activity coefficients both below and above CMC and in all cases gives an improved description of the water activity above the CMC, compared to the alternative model of Burchfield and Wolley [J. Phys. Chem., 88(10), 2149–2155 (1984)]. The water activity is a key parameter governing the formation and equilibrium growth of cloud droplets. The CISA model can be extended from the current form to include the effect of other inorganic salts with the existing database of binary PDH parameters and using appropriate mixing rules to account for ion specificity in the micellization process.


1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 2664-2670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Taylor ◽  
Vincent J. Lopata

Equilibria between Bi5O7I and Bi2O3 have been measured with the solids in contact with aqueous solutions at 10–60 °C, and with low-pressure oxygen (0.2–100kPa) at 550–800 °C. In the aqueous systems, iodide activities were measured as functions of pH and temperature. In the dry system, iodine partial pressures were measured spectrophotometrically while varying the temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The standard enthalpy of formation and entropy of α-Bi5O7I were derived from these measurements, and values for BiOI were also estimated. The results combine to give a self-consistent account of phase relations between Bi5O7I and Bi2O3 up to 800 °C. Some equilibria involving BiOI are discussed briefly.


1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1713-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Christine Trudelle ◽  
Maurice Abraham ◽  
James Sangster

Vapour pressures of the system (Ag,Tl)NO3 + H2O have been measured at 98.5 °C by the static method over the complete concentration range for Ag/Tl mole ratio = 1.14. The water activity data can be represented by a modified BET isotherm in the range 0.1 < aw < 0.7. The derived BET constants indicate that the salts in this system are very weakly hydrated, probably less so than (for example) CsNO3. The linearity of vapour pressure with water mole ratio RH, found previously by Tripp and Braunstein for (Li,K)NO3 + H2O, is absent in the present system. The Henry's law constant for water dissolved in molten (Ag,Tl)NO3 has been deduced. The excess free energy of the system is positive at all concentrations and shows a maximum of 117 cal/mol at water mole fraction 0.66.


Author(s):  
B. Bal ◽  
M. Koyama ◽  
D. Canadinc ◽  
G. Gerstein ◽  
H. J. Maier ◽  
...  

This paper presents a combined experimental and theoretical analysis focusing on the individual roles of microdeformation mechanisms that are simultaneously active during the deformation of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels in the presence of hydrogen. Deformation responses of hydrogen-free and hydrogen-charged TWIP steels were examined with the aid of thorough electron microscopy. Specifically, hydrogen charging promoted twinning over slip–twin interactions and reduced ductility. Based on the experimental findings, a mechanism-based microscale fracture model was proposed, and incorporated into a visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) model to account for the stress–strain response in the presence of hydrogen. In addition, slip-twin and slip–grain boundary interactions in TWIP steels were also incorporated into VPSC, in order to capture the deformation response of the material in the presence of hydrogen. The simulation results not only verify the success of the proposed hydrogen embrittlement (HE) mechanism for TWIP steels, but also open a venue for the utility of these superior materials in the presence of hydrogen.


Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 3829
Author(s):  
Ekaterina M. Zubanova ◽  
Sergei V. Kostjuk ◽  
Peter S. Timashev ◽  
Yury A. Rochev ◽  
Alexander I. Kokorin ◽  
...  

Coil to globule transition in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) aqueous solutions was studied using spin probe continuous-wave electronic paramagnetic resonance (CW EPR) spectroscopy with an amphiphilic TEMPO radical as a guest molecule. Using Cu(II) ions as the “quencher” for fast-moving radicals in the liquid phase allowed obtaining the individual spectra of TEMPO radicals in polymer globule and observing inhomogeneities in solutions before globule collapsing. EPR spectra simulations confirm the formation of molten globules at the first step with further collapsing and water molecules coming out of the globule, making it denser.


2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Z. A. Noor Fadzlina ◽  
T. T. Teng ◽  
M. Abdul Rahman

The densities of the binary aqueous solutions of sodium polyacrylate (NaPM) at 20°C, 25°C, and 300C up to 0.17 m and LiCI at 25°C and 300C up to 3.13 m were measured using a vibrating tube digital densitimeter. The measured experimental data were then fitted to the polynomial d = do + IA;m'. The densities of the ternary aqueous systems NaPM-NaCI, NaPM-LiCI, and NaPM-sucrose were also =1 measured from 20°C to 30°C. The isopycnotic equation, Imi / moi was used to predict the densities of the ternary aqueous systems mentioned. The results show that predicted and observed density values are in good agreement. The overall percentage error of density prediction for the system NaPM-NaCI-H20 is 0.067. For the system NaPM-LiCI-HP,the overall percentage error is 0.074; and, for the system NaPM-sucrose-H20, the overall percentage error is 0.065.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 2368-2375
Author(s):  
I. Ion ◽  
G. R. Ivan ◽  
A. C. Ion

In this work, the sorption of TCC in natural aqueous solutions with different chemical compositions, on amended sediments with carbon nanomaterials such as MWCNTs and C60, pristine and weathered is presented. The variation of the temperature, the composition of the natural water, the compositions of the sediment were studied, the results were correlated for a better understanding of the possible effects of the carbon nanomaterials in the environment.


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