Vapour pressures of aqueous solutions of AgNO3 + TlNO3 by the static method at 98.5 °C

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1713-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Christine Trudelle ◽  
Maurice Abraham ◽  
James Sangster
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Static Method ◽  
Present System ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Bet Isotherm

Vapour pressures of the system (Ag,Tl)NO3 + H2O have been measured at 98.5 °C by the static method over the complete concentration range for Ag/Tl mole ratio = 1.14. The water activity data can be represented by a modified BET isotherm in the range 0.1 < aw < 0.7. The derived BET constants indicate that the salts in this system are very weakly hydrated, probably less so than (for example) CsNO3. The linearity of vapour pressure with water mole ratio RH, found previously by Tripp and Braunstein for (Li,K)NO3 + H2O, is absent in the present system. The Henry's law constant for water dissolved in molten (Ag,Tl)NO3 has been deduced. The excess free energy of the system is positive at all concentrations and shows a maximum of 117 cal/mol at water mole fraction 0.66.

Excess free energies of mixing at temperatures below 25°. Isopiestic measurements on the systems H2O-NaCl-Na2SO4 and H2O-NaCl-MgSO4

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2487 ◽  
Author(s):  
CW Childs ◽  
RF Platford
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Experimental Uncertainty ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Isopiestic Measurements ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Energy Of Mixing ◽  
Free Energy Of Mixing

Isopiestic vapour pressure measurements have been made on the systems H2O-NaCl-Na2SO4 and H2O-NaCl-MgSO4 at 15� and 0�. Excess free energies of mixing the aqueous salts hare been calculated for various ionic strengths, and the results have been compared with those previously obtained at 25�. ��� Within experimental uncertainty the excess free energies of mixing of aqueous NaCl with aqueous Na2SO4 are the same at 0�, 15�, and 25�. However, the excess free energy of mixing aqueous NaCl with aqueous MgSO4 shows differences which may be just larger than experimental uncertainty over the same temperature range.

scholarly journals Activity of bismuth in liquid Ag-Bi-Ni alloys determined by equilibrium saturation method

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Fima ◽  
J. Romanowska
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Activity Coefficient ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Thermodynamic Data ◽  
Excess Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Experimental Activity ◽  
Ni Alloys ◽  
Saturation Method

Activity coefficients of Bi in liquid Ag-Bi-Ni alloys were experimentally determined by means of the equilibrium saturation method at 1173 and 1273 K. The measurements were carried out for alloy compositions along three sections of fixed Ag to Ni mole fraction ratio equal to 4/1, 3/2, and 2/3. The excess Gibbs free energy of Bi was calculated basing on the experimental activity coefficient data. The experimental activity data were compared to the values calculated for two sets of assessed thermodynamic data.

scholarly journals Model for estimating activity coefficients in binary and ternary ionic surfactant solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-168
Author(s):  
Silvia M. Calderón ◽  
Jussi Malila ◽  
Nønne L. Prisle
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Ternary Systems ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Chloride System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sodium Decanoate

AbstractWe introduce the CMC based Ionic Surfactant Activity model (CISA) to calculate activity coefficients in ternary aqueous solutions of an ionic surfactant and an inorganic salt. The surfactant can be either anionic or cationic and in the present development, the surfactant and inorganic salts share a common counterion. CISA incorporates micellization into the Pitzer–Debye–Hückel (PDH) framework for activities of mixed electrolyte solutions. To reduce computing requirements, a parametrization of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is used to estimate the degree of micellization instead of explicit equilibrium calculations. For both binary and ternary systems, CISA only requires binary experimentally-based parameters to describe water–ion interactions and temperature–composition dependency of the CMC. The CISA model is intended in particular for atmospheric applications, where higher-order solution interaction parameters are typically not constrained by experiments and the description must be reliable across a wide range of compositions. We evaluate the model against experimental activity data for binary aqueous solutions of ionic surfactants sodium octanoate and sodium decanoate, as common components of atmospheric aerosols, and sodium dodecylsulfate, the most commonly used model compound for atmospheric surfactants. Capabilities of the CISA model to describe ternary systems are tested for the water–sodium decanoate–sodium chloride system, a common surrogate for marine background cloud condensation nuclei and to our knowledge the only atmospherically relevant system for which ternary activity data is available. For these systems, CISA is able to provide continuous predictions of activity coefficients both below and above CMC and in all cases gives an improved description of the water activity above the CMC, compared to the alternative model of Burchfield and Wolley [J. Phys. Chem., 88(10), 2149–2155 (1984)]. The water activity is a key parameter governing the formation and equilibrium growth of cloud droplets. The CISA model can be extended from the current form to include the effect of other inorganic salts with the existing database of binary PDH parameters and using appropriate mixing rules to account for ion specificity in the micellization process.

The Water-activity of Supersaturated Aqueous Solutions of NaCl, KCl, and K2SO4 at 25°C

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (20) ◽  
pp. 3133-3140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Lenzi ◽  
Tuong-Tu Tran ◽  
Tjoon-Tow Teng
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Aqueous Systems ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Self Consistent ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Supersaturated Solutions

Reverse application of the Reilly–Wood-Robinson and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson equations to the water-activity data of various ternary aqueous systems containing NaCl, KCl, K2SO4 as one of the components yields self-consistent estimates of the water-activity of binary aqueous supersaturated solutions of the individual salts; these can be further extended by curvilinear extrapolation to give: [Formula: see text] with A1 = −3.28806 × 10−2, A2 = 1.12512 × 10−4, A3 = −4.30034 × 10−4, A4 = 2.70506 × 10−5, A5 = 1.43435 × 10−6, A6 = 1.30209 ×10−7, A7 = −1.51941 × 10−8, A8 = 1.00520 × 10−9, A9 = −4.21593 × 10−10, A10 = 2.62532 × 10−11, valid to aw(NaCl) = 0.5422, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]with B1 = −3.21884 × 10−2, B2 = 9.77773 × 10−4, B3 = −6.05349 × 10−4, B4 = 1.18422 × 10−4, B5 = −7.91572 × 10−6, B6 = −3.88125 × 10−8, B7 = 1.55125 × 10−8, valid to aw(KCl) = 0.7115, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text] with C1 = −4.16810 × 10−2, C2 = 1.16033 × 10−2, C3 = −4.80543 × 10−3, C4 = 7.15536 x 10−4, valid to [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]

K-Na exchange equilibria between muscovite-paragonite solid solution and hydrothermal chloride solutions

1985 ◽  
Vol 49 (353) ◽  
pp. 515-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Pascal ◽  
J. Roux
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Exchange Equilibrium ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Ion Exchange Reaction ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThree ion exchange equilibrium isotherms between muscovite-paragonite solid solution and 2-molal KCl-NaCl aqueous solutions have been studied at (1) 420°C 1 kbar, (2) 420°C, 2 kbar, and (3) 550°C, 2 kbar. The ΔG°(Joules) ± 2σ of the ion exchange reaction are: ΔG° (1) = −17 259±686, ΔG° (2) = −18 268 ± 560, ΔG° (3) = −16018 ± 336. The excess mixing parameters (‘subregular solution’) of the solid solution (at 1 bar) have been calculated:The corresponding binodal compositions are (muscovite mol fraction): 12–56% at 420 °C, 1 bar and 15–51% at 550 °C 1 bar. The compositions of micas in equilibrium with perthites (high structural state) at 400, 500, 600 °C and 2 kbar are respectively: Xmus = 91, 86, and 82%.The mixing properties of the solution were estimated using the speciation of two molal chloride solutions calculated from the dissociation constants of NaCl and KCl in aqueous solution. Although NaCl appears to be substantially more dissociated than KCl, the resulting excess free energy of mixing of the hydrothermal (Na,K)Cl solution was found less than 500 J at temperatures above 400 °C and pressures up to 2 kbar.The difference in Gibbs free energy of formation (from the elements at 25 °C, 1 bar) between NaCl and KCl in two molal aqueous solutions is proposed:

A General Method of Calculating the Water Activity of Supersaturated Aqueous Solutions from Ternary Data

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (16) ◽  
pp. 2626-2631 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sangster ◽  
T. T. Teng ◽  
F. Lenzi
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Solubility Limit ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Binary Solutions ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Ternary Data ◽  
Supersaturated Solutions ◽  
General Method

Recently developed methods of predicting water activities of multicomponent aqueous solutions use binary data. At high concentrations these methods are limited inasmuch as they require binary data beyond the solubility limit of individual solutes. A method is proposed whereby ternary water activity data may be used to calculate water activities of supersaturated binary solutions. The new method is compared with two extrapolation procedures on a known system and gives the best agreement. Values of the water activities for supersaturated solutions of KNO3 (3.8 to 7.6 m) and K2SO4 (0.7 to 2.3 m) at 25 °C are obtained.

Viscosity, electrical conductivity and density of the system ammonium nitrate-dimethyl sulphoxide

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115
Author(s):  
Jindřich Novák ◽  
Zdeněk Kodejš ◽  
Ivo Sláma
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Dimethyl Sulphoxide ◽  
Present System ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

The density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of highly concentrated solutions of ammonium nitrate in dimethyl sulphoxide have been determined over the temperature range 10-60 °C and the concentration range 7-50 mol% of the salt. The variations in the quantities as a function of temperature and concentration have been correlated by empirical equations. A comparison is made between the transport properties for the present system, aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate solutions in dimethyl sulphoxide.

Characterization of Textured Aluminum Lines and Modelling of Stress Voiding

1994 ◽  
Vol 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Wardle ◽  
B.L. Adams ◽  
C.S. Nichols ◽  
D.A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Polycrystalline Structure ◽  
Field Approach ◽  
Bamboo Structure ◽  
Automated Technique ◽  
Theory And Modeling

ABSTRACTIt is well known from studies of individual interfaces that grain boundaries exhibit a spectrum of properties because their structure is misorientation dependent. Usually this variability is neglected and properties are modeled using a mean field approach. The limitations inherent in this approach can be overcome, in principle, using a combination of experimental techniques, theory and modeling. The bamboo structure of an interconnect is a particularly simple polycrystalline structure that can now be readily characterized experimentally and modeled in the computer. The grain misorientations in a [111] textured aluminum line have been measured using the new automated technique of orientational imaging microscopy. By relating boundary angle to diffusivity the expected stress voiding failure processes can be predicted through the link between misorientation angle, grain boundary excess free energy and diffusivity. Consequently it can be shown that the high energy boundaries are the favored failure sites thermodynamically and kinetically.

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